1. Arab Spring of 2011 Libya Tunisia Egypt Syria

2. Snapshot of Tunisia II.The 2011 Uprisings Begin: Tunisia

3. Who held power? Authoritarian leader who assumed power in1987 Promised greater democracy but changes were not forthcoming Censored press and banned Islamist parties Supported US anti-terror efforts Authoritarian leader who assumed power in1987 Promised greater democracy but changes were not forthcoming Censored press and banned Islamist parties Supported US anti-terror efforts Wikimedia Commons

4. What event sparked the uprising? Mohamed Bouazizi wants to improve his lot in life The scales from his vegetable cart are confiscated on 17 Dec. 2010 In protest, he self-immolates in front of government building Mohamed Bouazizi wants to improve his lot in life The scales from his vegetable cart are confiscated on 17 Dec. 2010 In protest, he self-immolates in front of government building Time Magazine

5. Tunisia: The match in a tinderbox 17 December 2010 – Bouazizi’s act of defiance inspires pro-democracy demonstrations The Arab Spring is born 17 December 2010 – Bouazizi’s act of defiance inspires pro-democracy demonstrations The Arab Spring is born

6. What did the protesters want? Upset with: Unemployment Poverty Political repression Corruption

7. The middle: How did those in power respond? Old techniques fail Violent repression Propaganda Concessions Bribery Old techniques fail Violent repression Propaganda Concessions Bribery

8. Protests remain non-violent; The first dictator falls 14 Jan. 2011 Pres. Ben Ali and his wife flee End of 24 years in power New York Times

9. The aftermath: coalitions and new constitution Former ruling party disbanded Elections held 23 Oct. 2011 and 2014 Moderate Islamic working in coalition Al Jazeera

10. Inspiration Spreads: Egypt

12. Who held power? Authoritarian leader assumed power 1981 Promised democracy but retained 1967 “Emergency Law” Censored press, banned Islamist parties including Muslim Brotherhood Police were brutal Supported US anti-terror efforts and peace with Israel Authoritarian leader assumed power 1981 Promised democracy but retained 1967 “Emergency Law” Censored press, banned Islamist parties including Muslim Brotherhood Police were brutal Supported US anti-terror efforts and peace with Israel Wikimedia Commons

13. 2011 Egyptian Revolution Beginning: 25 Jan. 2011 “Day of Revolt” Tens of thousands of marchers occupy Tahrir Square, Cairo Beginning: 25 Jan. 2011 “Day of Revolt” Tens of thousands of marchers occupy Tahrir Square, Cairo

14. Tahrir Square What did the protesters want? End of Mubarak’s regime Political Freedom Improved Economic Opportunities End to police brutality Islamists have agenda Progressives have agenda Etc.

16. Hosni Mubarak resigns 11 Feb. 2011 29+ years as President end after 18 days of protest 2 June 2012 Sentenced to prison for life but sentence overturned 29+ years as President end after 18 days of protest 2 June 2012 Sentenced to prison for life but sentence overturned

17. The End? Peaceful Celebration 11 February 2011

18. The aftermath: a short experiment with democracy Elections Jan. 2012 Islamist parties (Freedom and Justice Party) win 70% of seats Mohamad Morsi serves as president for 1 year Mubarak is jailed Al Jazeera

20. The aftermath: Military retakes power General Abdul Fatah Al-Sisi ousts Morsi 16 July 2013 Wikimedia

21. Women leaders in the Arab Spring 2011 Nobel Peace Prize winner Tawakkol Karmen Yemeni journalist- turned-organizer faces down death threats 2011 Nobel Peace Prize winner Tawakkol Karmen Yemeni journalist- turned-organizer faces down death threats Nobel Peace.org

23. Things get ugly: Libya Jan. 2011 Feb. 2011 18 Feb. 2011

24. Quirky Colonel Muammar Gaddafi theguardian.com Who held power?

25. theatlantic.com The Violent Alternative: Gaddafi refuses to step down Turns military against own people Civil War ensues February – August, 2011

26. NATO Intervention March 2011 theatlantic.com UN Resolution 1973 calls for “No-Fly Zone” (China & Russia abstain) Authorizes use of all means to protect civilians, short of land forces UN Resolution 1973 calls for “No-Fly Zone” (China & Russia abstain) Authorizes use of all means to protect civilians, short of land forces

27. 20 October 2011: Gruesome end without trial

28. The End in Libya: August - October 2011 Tripoli falls (Aug.), UN recognizes rebel govt. (Sept) telegraph

29. 2012 Benghazi Attack September 11, 2012 Diplomatic mission in Benghazi attacked by militias Ambassador Christopher Stevens & 3 others killed September 11, 2012 Diplomatic mission in Benghazi attacked by militias Ambassador Christopher Stevens & 3 others killed Wikimedia Commons

30. The Unrest Continues to Spread: Yemen, Bahrain, Syria Jan. 2011 Jan. - Feb. 2011 Feb. – Oct. 2011

31. Syria -- Civil Strife & International Paralysis Nobel Peace.org Syria

32. Civil War inSyria Population: 22.5 Million Religion: 74% Sunni Muslim, 16% Alawite & Druze, 10% Christian Median Age: 23 Literacy: Male – 86% Female – 74% Economy: Agriculture, industry, services, some oil Borders on multiple volatile nations Population: 22.5 Million Religion: 74% Sunni Muslim, 16% Alawite & Druze, 10% Christian Median Age: 23 Literacy: Male – 86% Female – 74% Economy: Agriculture, industry, services, some oil Borders on multiple volatile nations

33. Who holds power? Wikimedia Commons

34. Syria Uprising -- 5 March 2011- Present New York Times

35. In the midst of instability Nobel Peace.org Syria Iraq Iran Israel Lebanon $$$$ Hezbollah Russia United States $$$$ Palestinians/ Hamas Palestinians/ Hamas Palestinians/ Fatah Palestinians/ Fatah Egypt

36. Syrian Refugee Crisis

39. “There is no god but Allah [God]. Mohammad is the messenger of Allah.” ISIS/ISIL/Islamic State/Daesh ISIS = The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria ISIL = The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant The Islamic State Daish ISIS = The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria ISIL = The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant The Islamic State Daish

40. ISIS – How do they differ from al- Qaeda & what do they intend? Origins in al-Qaeda Establishment of a Caliphate is a goal Islamic fundamentalis, Wahhabi doctrine Sunni Origins in al-Qaeda Establishment of a Caliphate is a goal Islamic fundamentalis, Wahhabi doctrine Sunni Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi

41. US Foreign Policy in the Mid-east