1. J. C. T. Thangaraj Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 1 Experimental studies on an emittance exchange beamline at the A0 photoinjector

2. Outline of the talk Motivation I. Emittance exchange beamline –Diagnostics –Measurements II. Coherent synchrotron radiation studies –Detection and characterization of radiation –Studies on the electron beam III. Experimental results of emittance exchange with chirped beam Next-generation emittance exchangers 2

3. Motivation X-ray FELs demand ultra-low transverse emittance beam* State-of-the art photo-injectors can generate low 6-D emittance. Typically asymmetric emittances. Emittance exchange can swap transverse with the longitudinal emittance. Allows one to convert transverse modulations to longitudinal modulations : Beam shaping application Can also be used to suppress microbunching instability** 3 *P. Emma et al., Nature Photonics 4, 641 - 647 (2010) ; **M. Cornacchia and P. Emma, PRSTAB 5, 084001 (2002)

4. Emittance exchange beamline final e- bunch Initial e- bunch D1 D2 D3 D4 3.9 GHz TM 110 4

5. Fermilab A0 photoinjector: Emittance exchange RF gun S2 EEX beam line Straight ahead beam line S3 Booster cavity X3 X5 X6 X21 X23 X24 X9 XS4 XS3 Q1 Q2 Q3 D1 D2D3 D4 Spectrometer 3.9GHz deflecting mode cavity Streak camera Gun1.3 GHz NC Accelerating Cavity 1.3 GHz SC Deflecting cavity 3.9 GHz NC Charge per bunch100 pC – 1 nC Energy14.3 MeV Bunch length (rms)~ 3 ps Energy spread (rms)~ 10 KeV Rep. rate1 Hz Typical number of bunches in a train ~ 100 5

6. Emittance measurement diagnostics and techniques Beam size: OTR and YAG screens Bunch length: Streak or Interferometer Energy spread: Spectrometer magnet and a screen Transverse emittance: Multi-slit method Longitudinal emittance: Product of minimum energy spread and bunch length (upper limit) 6

7. GUI to extract Courant- Snyder parameters 7

8. The A0 photoinjector: Machine tuning RF gun X3 X21 X23 X24 X9 XS4 XS3 Q1 Q2 Q3 D1 D2D3 D4 SpectrometerStreak camera 1 3 1 RF – scan to locate minimum energy spread i.e. no chirp 2 Streak camera to measure bunch length (Longitudinal emittance) 3 X-Slits and Y-slits to measure the transverse emittances (X3) 4 Tune quadrupoles to maximize CTR radiation thus minimizing the bunchlength. Tune quadrupoles to minimize energy spread at XS4. Finer scan along the minimum values. 5 X-slits and Y-slits to measure outgoing transverse emittance (X23) 2 4 5 4 1 Varying quadrupoles here changes bunchlength here 8

9. First observation of emittance exchange 9 An Observation of a Transverse to Longitudinal Emittance Exchange at the Fermilab A0 Photoinjector by Timothy W. Koeth Ph. D. Dissertation

10. The A0 beamline: Part II =quadrupole =dipoles =diagnostics XS4 D1 D2D3 D4 3.9 GHz cavity (on/off) Collecting Optics Pyrodetector 1.3 GHz booster cavity Coherent Synchrotron light 10

11. Coherent Synchrotron Radiation Synchrotron radiation is the result of individual electrons that randomly emit photons when passing through a bending magnet. Coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) is produced when a group of electrons collectively emit photons in phase. This occurs when bunch length is shorter than radiation wavelength. 11

12. Condition for coherent radiation 12 Form factor Long wavelength cutoff due to vacuum chamber CSR effect on the bunch is…. above λ= 0.3 mm

13. The A0 beamline =quadrupole =dipoles =diagnostics XS4 D1 D2D3 D4 3.9 GHz cavity (on/off) Collecting Optics Pyrodetector 1.3 GHz booster cavity Coherent Synchrotron light 13

14. CSR : Measurements Power Polarization Angular Distribution Using CSR as a bunchlength monitor 14

15. 15 Schematic of the CSR detection optics

16. CSR Power Vs RF Phase (bunchlength) 16

17. Polarizer angle vs CSR 17

18. CSR Angular distribution Ratio (Horizontal to vertical) = 4.6 18

19. Bunch length measurement: Experimental Setup =quadrupole =dipoles =diagnostics XS4 D1 D2D3 D4 3.9 GHz cavity (off) Collecting Optics Martin - Puplett Interferometer 1.3 GHz booster cavity Synchrotron light 19

20. Martin – Puplett interferometer 20

21. Bunch length measurement: Simulation Vs Experiment 21

22. Studying the effects of CSR on the beam =quadrupole =dipoles =diagnostics D1 D2D3 D4 Skew quad screen 22

23. Twin pulse at the cathode 2.6ps 3.1ps 10.2 ps 23

24. Twin pulse Profile @X24 vs SkewQuad 24

25. Twin pulse Profile @X24 vs SkewQuad Y X Skew Quad off 25

26. Skew quad diagnostic to resolve CSR effects Skew QUAD OFF Skew QUAD ON CSR ON CSR OFF (a) (b) (c) (d) 26

27. Skew quad measurements at X24 Skew QUAD OFF Skew QUAD ON Charge 300pC Charge 600pC Charge 900pC Y (pixels) X (pixels) 27

28. Part III: Chirped beam has improved performance Emittance-exchanger Z δ Improved performance Minimizes thick lens effect 28

29. How to minimize thick lens effect?* In other words, set Chirp to -1/R 56 * P. Emma, Z. Huang, K. - J. Kim, P. Piot, “Transverse-to-longitudinal emittance exchange to improve performance of high-gain free-electron lasers”, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 9, 100702 (2006), 29

30. Minimize thick lens effect: Add energy chirp XS4 D1 D2D3 D4 1.3 GHz booster cavity Pick 9-cell phase to introduce chirp 30 Look for bunch length, transverse beam size, emittances (x and z) ChirpRF-phase 0-30 2.0-35 4.5-40 7.7-45

31. Chirped beam study: Streak camera ~ Streak camera resolution bunch length after EEX (ps) [r.m.s] 31 Quadrupole current before EEX (A)

32. Finer quadrupole scan using interferometer pyros Pyro signal increases ~ by a factor of 2 32

33. Interferometer measurement Bunch length reduction ~ 2 33

34. CSR Power (pyrometer) Vs RF Phase (bunchlength) 34

35. Emittance exchange with chirped beam* Energy 13.2 MeV Charge 400 pC Emit x 4 um Emit z 20 um 35 250 pC; PRL 106, 244801 (2011) * IPAC 2012 -30 -35 (RF phase) -40 -45

36. Emittance exchange simulation with GPT Energy 13.2 MeV Charge 400 pC Emit x 4 um Emit z 20 um 36

37. Next generation EEX: upgrade classic EEX Use two (or one) more deflecting cavity to compensate thick lens effect Use a RF-cavity to compensate thick lens effect 37

38. Next generation EEX : A Negative drift EEX 38

39. Next generation EEX : A Chicane style EEX 39

40. Next generation EEX : A Double EEX* 40 A. Zholents & Zolotorev

41. EEX@ASTA : A Single/Double EEX* 41 * Prokop and Piot (2013),THOBB101, IPAC 2013 50 MeV & 250 MeV design Chicane-style Dispersion boosted 1.3 GHz already in place

42. A brief history of EEX (just a sample) Chicane style EEX : Cornacchia and Emma (2002) Double dogleg EEX: Kim and Sessler (2005) A0 emittance exchange beamline commissioned Beam shaping results : Yin-e et. al (2010) Emittance exchange result: Jinhao et. al (2010) EEX for tailoring current distributions: Piot (2011) EEX for HHG: B. Jiang (2011) Double EEX proposal : Zholents & Zolotorev (2011) Use of EEX as a bunch compressor : Carlsten (2011) Chicane style EEX: Xiang and Chao (2012) EEX@ ASTA (double, single): Prokop and Piot (2013) Terra incognita …………………….. 42

43. Summary Coherent synchrotron radiation has been studied at the emittance exchange beamline. Emittance exchange with an energy-chirped beam shows improved performance. Emittance dilution still exists. Next generation EEX has to take into account the thick lens cavity with modification to exchange lattice. A chicane-style emittance exchange looks promising and is planned to be tested at the Advanced Superconducting Test Accelerator (ASTA) facility @ 50 MeV 43

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