1. OCEANOGRAPHY

2. THE OCEAN Covering 70% of the Earth's surface, the ocean is our planet's largest habitat. Covering 70% of the Earth's surface, the ocean is our planet's largest habitat. Yet we know more about our moon than we do about the deepest parts of the sea. Yet we know more about our moon than we do about the deepest parts of the sea. -- an intensely dark and cold environment, under tremendous pressure. -- an intensely dark and cold environment, under tremendous pressure.

3. THE OCEAN FLOOR Once scientists were able to map the ocean floor, they discovered something surprising. Once scientists were able to map the ocean floor, they discovered something surprising. The bottom of the ocean was not a flat, sandy plain stretching between the continents, as many people once thought. The bottom of the ocean was not a flat, sandy plain stretching between the continents, as many people once thought. In fact, the ocean floor was rocky and dramatically uneven. In fact, the ocean floor was rocky and dramatically uneven. Many previously unknown features of the seafloor were discovered. Many previously unknown features of the seafloor were discovered.

4. THE OCEAN As you go deeper into the ocean three things happen: As you go deeper into the ocean three things happen: *The temperature decreases *The pressure increases *The pressure increases *The light decreases *The salinity increases

5. STUDYING THE OCEAN FLOOR Studying the ocean floor is difficult; conditions are very harsh in the deep ocean. Studying the ocean floor is difficult; conditions are very harsh in the deep ocean. First, it is dark since sunlight does not penetrate far below the surface. First, it is dark since sunlight does not penetrate far below the surface. Second, the water is cold, only a few degrees above freezing. Second, the water is cold, only a few degrees above freezing. Finally, there is tremendous pressure due to the mass of the water pushing down from above. Finally, there is tremendous pressure due to the mass of the water pushing down from above. Because of the darkness, cold, and extreme pressure, scientists have had to develop technology to enable them to study the deep ocean floor. Because of the darkness, cold, and extreme pressure, scientists have had to develop technology to enable them to study the deep ocean floor.

6. SONAR The development of sonar was a major break through for mapping the ocean floor. The development of sonar was a major break through for mapping the ocean floor. Sonar, which stands for sound navigation and ranging, is a system that uses sound waves to calculate the distance to an object. Sonar, which stands for sound navigation and ranging, is a system that uses sound waves to calculate the distance to an object. The sonar equipment on a ship sends out pulses of sound that bounce off the ocean floor. The sonar equipment on a ship sends out pulses of sound that bounce off the ocean floor.

7. SONAR The equipment then measures how quickly the sound waves return to the ship. The equipment then measures how quickly the sound waves return to the ship. Sound waves return quickly if the ocean floor is close. Sound waves return quickly if the ocean floor is close. Sound waves take longer to return if the ocean floor is farther away. Sound waves take longer to return if the ocean floor is farther away. Using sonar, scientists were able to develop detailed maps of the ocean floor. Using sonar, scientists were able to develop detailed maps of the ocean floor.

8. What are the highest and lowest places on Earth? What are the highest and lowest places on Earth? If you named Mt. Everest and the Grand Canyon, you are incorrect! If you named Mt. Everest and the Grand Canyon, you are incorrect! The tallest mountains and deepest canyons are actually found in the ocean. The tallest mountains and deepest canyons are actually found in the ocean. If placed side by side, the Hawaiian Islands of the Pacific Ocean would tower over Mt. Everest. If placed side by side, the Hawaiian Islands of the Pacific Ocean would tower over Mt. Everest. The Pacific is also home to the deepest trench on the Earth, the Mariana Trench. The Pacific is also home to the deepest trench on the Earth, the Mariana Trench. It measures eleven kilometers below the sea's surface. This is seven times the depth of the Grand Canyon. It measures eleven kilometers below the sea's surface. This is seven times the depth of the Grand Canyon.

9. Surrounding nearly all continents is a shallow extension of that landmass known as the continental shelf. Surrounding nearly all continents is a shallow extension of that landmass known as the continental shelf. This shelf is relatively shallow, tens of meters deep compared to the thousands of meters deep in the open ocean, and extends outward to the continental slope where the deep ocean truly begins. This shelf is relatively shallow, tens of meters deep compared to the thousands of meters deep in the open ocean, and extends outward to the continental slope where the deep ocean truly begins.

10. Sediment from the erosion of land surfaces, washed into the sea by rivers and waves, nourishes microscopic plants and animals. Sediment from the erosion of land surfaces, washed into the sea by rivers and waves, nourishes microscopic plants and animals. Larger animals then feed upon them. Larger animals then feed upon them. These larger animals include the great schools of fish, such as tuna, menhaden, cod and mackerel, which we catch for food. These larger animals include the great schools of fish, such as tuna, menhaden, cod and mackerel, which we catch for food.

11. WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF THE OCEAN FLOOR? A = Continental Shelf A = Continental Shelf B = Seamounts B = Seamounts C = Abyssal Plain C = Abyssal Plain D = Mid-ocean Ridge D = Mid-ocean Ridge E = Volcanic Islands E = Volcanic Islands F = Continental Shelf F = Continental Shelf

13. CONTINENTAL SHELF = F Extending out from a continent's edge is a gently sloping, shallow area called the continental shelf. Extending out from a continent's edge is a gently sloping, shallow area called the continental shelf. This area is covered with thick layers of sediments (sand, mud, rocks). This area is covered with thick layers of sediments (sand, mud, rocks).

14. CONTINENTAL SLOPE = A At the edge of the shelf, the ocean floor drops off in a steep incline called the continental slope. At the edge of the shelf, the ocean floor drops off in a steep incline called the continental slope. The continental slope marks the true edge of the continent, where the rock that makes up the continent stops and the rock of the ocean floor begins. The continental slope marks the true edge of the continent, where the rock that makes up the continent stops and the rock of the ocean floor begins. This area is covered with thick layers of sediments (sand, mud, rocks). This area is covered with thick layers of sediments (sand, mud, rocks).

15. CONTINENTAL RISE Past the continental slope, we find the continental rise. Past the continental slope, we find the continental rise. As currents flow along the continental shelf and down the continental slope, they pick up and carry sediments along and deposit them just below the continental slope. As currents flow along the continental shelf and down the continental slope, they pick up and carry sediments along and deposit them just below the continental slope. These sediments accumulate (gather) to form the large, gentle slope of the continental rise. These sediments accumulate (gather) to form the large, gentle slope of the continental rise.

16. ABYSSAL PLAIN = C Beyond this slope is the abyssal plain, a smooth and nearly flat area of the ocean floor. Beyond this slope is the abyssal plain, a smooth and nearly flat area of the ocean floor. It is almost featureless because a thick layer of sediment covers the hills and valleys of the ocean floor below it. It is almost featureless because a thick layer of sediment covers the hills and valleys of the ocean floor below it. Extremely level area of the deep ocean basin where the depth is often greater than four kilometers. Extremely level area of the deep ocean basin where the depth is often greater than four kilometers.

17. OCEAN TRENCHES = G In some places, deep, steep-sided canyons called trenches cut into the abyssal plain. In some places, deep, steep-sided canyons called trenches cut into the abyssal plain. Deep valley in the ocean floor. Deep valley in the ocean floor.

18. MID-OCEAN RIDGE = D A continuous range of mountains called the mid-ocean ridge winds around Earth. A continuous range of mountains called the mid-ocean ridge winds around Earth.

19. VOLCANIC ISLANDS = E Some mountains reach above the ocean surface to form volcanic islands. Some mountains reach above the ocean surface to form volcanic islands.

20. SEA MOUNTS = B Other mountains, called sea mounts, are completely under water. Other mountains, called sea mounts, are completely under water. Submerged volcanic mountains on the ocean floor that are at least 1,000 meters high. Submerged volcanic mountains on the ocean floor that are at least 1,000 meters high. Most seamounts began life as volcanoes formed over hot spots in the ocean floor. After the crust moves off the hot spot, the volcanic activity stops. Most seamounts began life as volcanoes formed over hot spots in the ocean floor. After the crust moves off the hot spot, the volcanic activity stops.

21. MARIANAS TRENCH The Marianas Trench is the deepest place in the world's oceans! The Marianas Trench is the deepest place in the world's oceans! Marianas Trench in the South Pacific Ocean, is more than 35,000 feet (10,668 meters), or almost 6.6 miles (10.6 kilometers) deep. Marianas Trench in the South Pacific Ocean, is more than 35,000 feet (10,668 meters), or almost 6.6 miles (10.6 kilometers) deep.

24. ORGANISMS LIVING ON THE CONTINENTAL SHELF Organisms that live close to land must be able to adjust to constantly changing water conditions in order to survive. Organisms that live close to land must be able to adjust to constantly changing water conditions in order to survive.

25. OCEAN SALINITY Salt water is more dense than fresh water, and is therefore heavier. Salt water is more dense than fresh water, and is therefore heavier. Salt is the most abundant dissolved solid in the ocean. Salt is the most abundant dissolved solid in the ocean. When ocean water evaporates, the water becomes more dense because most of the salt remains in the water. When ocean water evaporates, the water becomes more dense because most of the salt remains in the water. Ocean currents mix water and affect salinity of the ocean. Ocean currents mix water and affect salinity of the ocean. Runoff water entering the ocean also affect the salinity of the ocean water. Runoff water entering the ocean also affect the salinity of the ocean water.

26. OCEAN CURRENTS

27. OCEAN CURRENTS Ocean currents are created by: Ocean currents are created by: *Wind patterns *Differences in salinity *Differences in temperature

28. THE GULF STREAM This current travels northward creating a warm ocean current. This current travels northward creating a warm ocean current. Gulf Stream influences the climate of the east coast of North America. Gulf Stream influences the climate of the east coast of North America.

29. ORGANISMS IN THE OCEAN Light, temperature, and pressure affect the type of life forms that are present at a given depth. Light, temperature, and pressure affect the type of life forms that are present at a given depth. Few things live in the ocean trenches because of the cold temperature and the very high pressure. Few things live in the ocean trenches because of the cold temperature and the very high pressure.

30. The Zones the sunlight zone: the top layer of the ocean where enough sunlight penetrates for plants to carry on photosynthesis. the sunlight zone: the top layer of the ocean where enough sunlight penetrates for plants to carry on photosynthesis. the twilight zone: a dim zone where some light penetrates, but not enough for plants to grow. the twilight zone: a dim zone where some light penetrates, but not enough for plants to grow. the midnight zone: the deep ocean layer where no light penetrates. the midnight zone: the deep ocean layer where no light penetrates. the abyssal zone: pitch-black bottom layer of the ocean; the water here is almost freezing and its pressure is immense. the abyssal zone: pitch-black bottom layer of the ocean; the water here is almost freezing and its pressure is immense. the hadal zone: the waters found in the ocean's deepest trenches. the hadal zone: the waters found in the ocean's deepest trenches.

31. MARINE LIFE Free-swimming fishes and other plants and animals are found in greatest abundance in the continental shelf. Free-swimming fishes and other plants and animals are found in greatest abundance in the continental shelf. This is because of the sunlight available in the shallow waters and the process known as photosynthesis to take place. This is because of the sunlight available in the shallow waters and the process known as photosynthesis to take place.

32. PHYTOPLANKTON Phytoplankton are tiny microscopic plants - algae - that form the base of the marine food chain. Phytoplankton are tiny microscopic plants - algae - that form the base of the marine food chain. Phytoplankton is most abundant in warmer waters where there is enough of nutrients from the sea water and enough sunlight for it to survive. Phytoplankton is most abundant in warmer waters where there is enough of nutrients from the sea water and enough sunlight for it to survive. Much of the Earth’s oxygen is produced by Much of the Earth’s oxygen is produced by phytoplankton. phytoplankton.

33. PHYTOPLANKTON CYCLE which may be eaten by Use: Carbon dioxide Sunlight Water Nutrients During the food- making process called Phytoplankton are eaten by Zooplankton animals of the Nekton group. If not decomposers (some Benthos) will act upon the remains and create nutrients which can be used by plants during photosynthesis

34. PHYTOPLANKTON If all the phytoplankton were to die, eventually all the other sea animals would eventually die too, since their food supply would be gone. If all the phytoplankton were to die, eventually all the other sea animals would eventually die too, since their food supply would be gone.

35. KELP FORESTS Kelp forests occur in cold, nutrient-rich water and are among the most beautiful and biologically productive habitats in the marine environment. Kelp forests occur in cold, nutrient-rich water and are among the most beautiful and biologically productive habitats in the marine environment. They are found throughout the world in shallow open coastal waters, extending to both the Arctic and Antarctic Circles. They are found throughout the world in shallow open coastal waters, extending to both the Arctic and Antarctic Circles.

36. KELP FORESTS A dependence upon light for photosynthesis restricts them to clear shallow water and they are rarely much deeper than 15-40m. A dependence upon light for photosynthesis restricts them to clear shallow water and they are rarely much deeper than 15-40m. The kelps have in common a capacity for some of the most remarkable growth rates in the plant kingdom. The kelps have in common a capacity for some of the most remarkable growth rates in the plant kingdom. In southern California, the Macrocystis can grow 30 cm per day. In southern California, the Macrocystis can grow 30 cm per day.

37. Animals of the Sea Marine Animals are divided into three groups: Marine Animals are divided into three groups: –Zooplankton (those that float) –Nekton (those that actively swim) –Benthos (those that live on or near the ocean bottom)

38. Examples of Marine Life in their zones: Zooplankton: are drifting animals and are usually pretty small, example fish eggs or larval. Zooplankton: are drifting animals and are usually pretty small, example fish eggs or larval. –However, jellyfish is a larger zooplankton example Nekton: are free swimmers, the common fish. Nekton: are free swimmers, the common fish. –Examples include: whales, dolphin, eels, octopus, cod, trout, and squid. Benthos: spends its entire life on the ocean bottom. Benthos: spends its entire life on the ocean bottom. –Examples include: lobster, starfish, snails, and oysters.

39. CORAL REEFS They are a source of food and medicine, and they protect the coast from wave erosion. They are a source of food and medicine, and they protect the coast from wave erosion. The baby coral looks like a little tiny jellyfish and it floats around in the water until it finds a hard place to attach to, usually a coral reef. Then it lands and starts to build itself a shell. The baby coral looks like a little tiny jellyfish and it floats around in the water until it finds a hard place to attach to, usually a coral reef. Then it lands and starts to build itself a shell.

40. CORAL REEFS This shell is shaped like a round vase and the coral polyp lives inside. This shell is shaped like a round vase and the coral polyp lives inside. A coral reef is about a million of these individual coral polyp shells all stuck one on top of the other. A coral reef is about a million of these individual coral polyp shells all stuck one on top of the other. When coral polyps die, new ones land and grow right on top of the old empty shells. When coral polyps die, new ones land and grow right on top of the old empty shells.

41. CORAL REEFS Reefs grow best in sunny, shallow, clear water. Reefs grow best in sunny, shallow, clear water. The water must be clear and shallow so that the reef can get lots of sunlight. The water must be clear and shallow so that the reef can get lots of sunlight.

42. CORAL REEFS Coral reefs are important for many reasons. Coral reefs are important for many reasons. Most importantly, they provide protection and shelter for many different species of fish. Most importantly, they provide protection and shelter for many different species of fish. Without coral reefs, these fish are left homeless with nowhere to live and no where to have their babies. Without coral reefs, these fish are left homeless with nowhere to live and no where to have their babies.

43. CORAL REEFS Without coral, the amount of carbon dioxide in the water would rise dramatically and that would affect all living things on Earth. Without coral, the amount of carbon dioxide in the water would rise dramatically and that would affect all living things on Earth. In addition, coral reefs are very important because they protect coasts from strong currents and waves by slowing down the water before it gets to the shore. In addition, coral reefs are very important because they protect coasts from strong currents and waves by slowing down the water before it gets to the shore.

44. GREAT BARRIER REEF The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system, composed of over 2,900 individual reefs. The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system, composed of over 2,900 individual reefs.coral reefcoral reef The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world's biggest single structure made by living organisms. The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world's biggest single structure made by living organisms. outer space outer space

45. HUMAN IMPACT ON OCEANS Marine pollution has become a serious problem. Marine pollution has become a serious problem. Sewage, factory waste, fertilizer, and farm waste are dumped into rivers that flow into oceans. Sewage, factory waste, fertilizer, and farm waste are dumped into rivers that flow into oceans. Ships may spill oil or dump sewage overboard. Ships may spill oil or dump sewage overboard. Seepage of oil from natural openings in the earth, from vessels, and from runoff may also contribute to marine pollution. Seepage of oil from natural openings in the earth, from vessels, and from runoff may also contribute to marine pollution.

46. WHAT IS SEWAGE? It comes from oil drilling. It comes from oil drilling. It comes from human and farm waste that carries disease into the ocean. It comes from human and farm waste that carries disease into the ocean. It comes from factories. It comes from factories. Sewage is liquid and solid waste that is carried off in sewers, drains and pipes and eventually ends up in the ocean.

47. HUMAN IMPACT ON OCEANS Ocean pollution can kill or harm marine animals and plants. Ocean pollution can kill or harm marine animals and plants. Dumping waste into rivers that flow into oceans will kill fish that live in the ocean. Dumping waste into rivers that flow into oceans will kill fish that live in the ocean. It is also dangerous to people who eat seafood from the polluted water. It is also dangerous to people who eat seafood from the polluted water. Overfishing is another threat to marine animals. Overfishing is another threat to marine animals.

48. HELPING OUR OCEANS Many of the world’s nations have begun to make stricter laws to keep sewage, chemicals, and waste out of water. Many of the world’s nations have begun to make stricter laws to keep sewage, chemicals, and waste out of water. Many countries have agreed to prevent overfishing. Many countries have agreed to prevent overfishing. They limit the number of fish that can be caught in their waters. They limit the number of fish that can be caught in their waters. Governments may create wildlife parks, protected coastal areas, where marine animals and plants can be undisturbed. Governments may create wildlife parks, protected coastal areas, where marine animals and plants can be undisturbed.

49. OUR HELPFUL OCEAN Oceans provide seafood, minerals, and fossil fuels. Oceans provide seafood, minerals, and fossil fuels. We can also get fresh water from seawater by removing dissolved salts from it. We can also get fresh water from seawater by removing dissolved salts from it.

50. The End!