1. 1 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 1

2. 2 2 How annoying is it when you lose files on your home computer?? For an organisation it’s a REAL DISASTER!!

3. 3 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 3 Computer/ hardware failure Hacking Deliberate damage Fire Terrorist attack Natural disasters Theft Accidental damage virses Software bugs Powercuts Threats to ICT systems?

4. 4 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 4 Earthquake – Los Angeles 1994 Floods – Gloucestershire, UK 2007 Terrorism – City of London 1993 Natural disasters account for only 2% of loss. Natural or man-made disasters

5. 5 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 5 Disadvantages? Context of use? Characteristics?

6. 6 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 6 Context of use Characteristic Disadvantages?

7. 7 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 7 Context of use Characteristic Disadvantages?

8. 8 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 8 Grade C Grade A Grade B What type of backup should be used? Can you all list the elements of an organisation’s backup strategy? Can you suggest examples for the elements you have discussed? Can you explain why you have suggested these examples in reference to a specific scenario / organisation?

9. 9 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 9 Re-cap…. Crime? Example? Malpractice? Example? Examples of virus… Trojan? Worm? How do viruses spread? -External Email -Internal Email -Intranet -Clicking on banner ads -Downloads eg game sites How to prevent viruses? 1.Install virus checking software 2.Keep antivirus software up to date 3.Do NOT open email from unknown sources 4.Have a clear ACCEPTABLE USE POLICY 5.Train staff 6.Prevent downloads (games / videos etc) 7.Avoid the use of removable media

10. 10 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 10 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 What do we mean by backup? A backup is simply an extra copy of the data / software from a computer system. If data becomes corrupted or is stolen, it can be restored from the backup copy. A backup and recovery strategy is needed to plan how data is backed up and how it will be recovered. A recovery strategy may also include sourcing hardware and office space. Backup and its importance The data an organisation holds is a very valuable commodity and is usually worth more than the cost of the hardware and software together! Remember… Think about how a business would operate without the following… -Customer database -Supplier database -Product database -Records of all correspondence (e.g. price lists, quotes) -Accounts info

11. 11 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 11 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 “Of companies that had a major loss of computerised records, 43% never re-open, 51% close within two years and only 6% will survive long-term.” Jim Hoffer, "Backing Up Business - Industry Trend or Event", Health Management Technology, Jan 2001 Backup in business

12. 12 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 12 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 What kind of institutions would this be essential for? The system / data held are so critical to the business that they cannot be lost even for a short period of time. This means the ICT system must keep running so a user would not notice that anything happened. Online booking and ordering systems are examples of systems where 24/7 reliability is essential. If a customer finds the system down, they may go to a competitor!! Why is there a need for continuity of service???

13. 13 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 13 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 Are procedures / actions put in place in order to get the system working again (back to its original state) The procedure must be a tried and tested plan – WHY? List the things that would need to be considered in the recovery procedure? If the system does break down a RECOVERY PROCEDURE is needed… Alternative accommodation (should the building be destroyed) Availability of staff at short notice to help recover the backups Availability of hardware to run the back ups on Training for staff to instruct them how to get things back to normal Availability of alternative communication lines to get network facilities back

14. 14 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 14 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 backup strategy will include the following…. 1.What data needs to be backed up? 2.How often does the data need to be backed up? 3.When does the data need to be backed up? 4.Which backup media will be used? 5.Who will be responsible? 6.Where will the backup be stored? Backup strategy are actions a person or organisation can take to ensure that regular back up copies are made… 6 Questions!!

15. 15 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 15 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 1. What data needs to be backed up? The amount of data that needs to be backed up will effect the type of backup used There are 3 types of backup: –Full –Differential –incremental

16. 16 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 16 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 Full Incremental Differential What type of backup should be used? Make a copy of ALL the files Make a copy of files that have changed since the LAST FULL back up Make a copy of files that have changed since the LAST back up

17. 17 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 17 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 Benefits and limitations summary…. Type of backup Time taken to perform backup Time taken for restoration Storage space required for backup Full Differential Incremental Compare against the other types of backup when you answer

18. 18 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 18 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 Benefits and limitations summary…. Type of backup Time taken to perform backup Time taken for restoration Storage space required for backup Full Differential Incremental Compare against the other types of backup when you answer

19. 19 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 19 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 Depends on how often the data changes Ideal situation for data to be backed up is as soon as it changes Therefore most server-based systems have RAID drives –Save data onto several drives at the same time in a process called “mirroring” –This means that if one drive fails, the next one takes over and there is no loss of data –Best solution for if computers are in use 24 hours a day and there is no time at which a backup can be conveniently taken 2.how often does the data need to be backed up?

20. 20 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 20 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 Many systems back their data up overnight when they are not in use As files cannot normally be backed up when they are in use Program and system files might not change as frequently as data files –So they only need to be backed up when they are changed 3. When does the data need to be backed up?

21. 21 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 21 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 Type of back up? MonTuesWedThursFriNo. of storage devices used? Full All subjects Full All subjects Full All subjects Full All subjects Full All subjects FDFull All subjects Diff ICT Diff ICT Diff ART ICT Diff Media ART ICT FI FULL All subjects ICTNo school-No backup ARTMEDIA FDIFULL All subjects INC- artINC – BSINC - maths DIFF – Art / BS / maths Backup takes place at 5pm every day Subjects – ICT / Maths / Media / Art

22. 22 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 22 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 4. which back up media will be used? Magnetic tapeMagnetic tape Hard disk Optical disk RAID Remote backup service These are the main types of backup media that you need to know about. Click on the links for more information. Click here to continue.here

23. 23 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 23 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 Removable flash drive CDR or DVDR Disk These media are suitable for backing up home computers or for small business use. Click here to return to list of backup devices.here Backup media Removable hard disk

24. 24 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 24 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 Hard Disk These media have large capacities and can be stored away from the main computer. A hard disk in another location can be used for backup. A laptop can be transferred and backed up to the user’s desktop computer hard disk. Backup media Click here to return to list of backup devices.here

25. 25 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 25 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 RAID systems – instant backups in real time Click here to return to list of backup devices.here Backup media

26. 26 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 26 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 DAT tape Removable media with large capacity – mostly for business use, Click here to return to list of backup devices.here Backup media

27. 27 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 27 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 Remote backup services can be used for online backups. Click here to return to list of backup devices.here Backup services

28. 28 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 28 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 A specific person needs to be designated to look after the backup procedure –Changing tapes when needed –Storing them appropriately Person responsible can be: –Network manager –Single user 5. who will be responsible?

29. 29 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 29 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 Store it away from the original pc or server –In a remote base off site –Another part of the organisation In a fire/flood proof safe –Sometimes the person responsible takes the previous tape home with them Storage location needs to be secure to protect against theft. 6. where will the backup be stored (kept)?

30. 30 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 30 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 Backup Strategy… ExpansionExample What How When Which Who Where What Documents instead of program files etc Every day / week / fortnight / month ?? Morning / afternoon / over night ?? USB / CD – R / DAT tape ? Could be the IT Technician in a org Off site – safe place Full / Differential / Incremental ?? Task – Complete the table

31. 31 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 31 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 Backup Strategy… ExpansionExample What Files should be included in the backup? How Often should the backup take place? When When in the day (24hrs) should the backup take place? Which Storage medium should be used for the backup? Who Is responsible for the backup? Where Should storage media containing the backup be kept? What Type of backup should be run? Documents instead of music etc Every day / week / fortnight / month ?? Morning / afternoon / over night ?? USB / CD – R / DAT tape ? Could be the IT Technician in a org Off site – safe place Full / Differential / Incremental ??

32. 32 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 32 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 Exam Question Many organisations such as retailers are expanding their e-commerce operations and need ICT systems that are available 24 hours a day every day of the year. It is important for their customers that the ICT systems are kept working. E-commerce operations have specific needs for the backup and recovery of their systems. Describe how these needs could be met. 10 marks

33. 33 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 33 AQA ICT AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008