1. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Chapter Three Socialization This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

2. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Nature v. Nurture How many of our characteristics come from “nature” (what we inherit) and how many from “nurture” (what we learn)? How many of our characteristics come from “nature” (what we inherit) and how many from “nurture” (what we learn)? Most social scientists think intelligence is learned from the social environment. Most social scientists think intelligence is learned from the social environment. Nature sets limits on what we can achieve; socialization plays a role in what we do achieve. Nature sets limits on what we can achieve; socialization plays a role in what we do achieve.

3. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Processes of Socialization Learning How to Think Psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) concluded that children learn to think by passing through stages of cognitive development: Psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) concluded that children learn to think by passing through stages of cognitive development: (1) The sensorimotor stage. (2) The preoporational stage. (3) The concrete operational stage. (4) The formal operational stage.

4. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

5. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Learning How to Feel Parents, teachers, friends, TV, all socialize children to identify feelings. Parents, teachers, friends, TV, all socialize children to identify feelings. Socialization teaches us to learn the logic of emotions. Socialization teaches us to learn the logic of emotions. Children also learn how to manage their emotions. Children also learn how to manage their emotions.

6. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Learning How to be Normal  Sigmund Freud (1856-1936) proposed that normal personality develops through a series of stages in childhood. Personality consists of three elements: Personality consists of three elements: (1) id—inborn drives, pleasure-seeking (2) ego—balances the id, rational (3) superego—the conscience, moral The ego advises the id to obey the superego The ego advises the id to obey the superego

7. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Development

8. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Learning How to be Masculine or Feminine Boys and girls learn to be masculine and feminine by developing gender identities – images of who they are expected to be on the basis of their sex.Boys and girls learn to be masculine and feminine by developing gender identities – images of who they are expected to be on the basis of their sex. Three major source of gender development are the family, school, and the media.Three major source of gender development are the family, school, and the media.

9. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Sociological Frontier – The New World of Teen Sex The media is a powerful socializing agent when it comes to teen sex.The media is a powerful socializing agent when it comes to teen sex. School has been trying to persuade adolescents to abstain from sex before marriage to protect them against pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STD).School has been trying to persuade adolescents to abstain from sex before marriage to protect them against pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STD). In a recent study, students who took a virginity pledge are just as likely to get an STD as those who did not take the pledge.In a recent study, students who took a virginity pledge are just as likely to get an STD as those who did not take the pledge.

10. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Developing Self-Image from Interactions Looking-Glass Self – According to C.H. Cooley we develop a self-image from the way others treat us.Looking-Glass Self – According to C.H. Cooley we develop a self-image from the way others treat us. The self-image that emerges from looking-glass process can affect our personality and behavior.The self-image that emerges from looking-glass process can affect our personality and behavior. If children have a positive self-image, they tend to be happy and confident.If children have a positive self-image, they tend to be happy and confident. If children have a negative self-image, they tend to be withdrawn and unhappy.If children have a negative self-image, they tend to be withdrawn and unhappy.

11. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 The Role-Taking Process –Stages of Self-Development

12. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Theoretical Thumbnail: Characteristics of Socialization PerspectiveFocusInsights Functionalist Bright side of socialization: social, psychological, and economic benefits for society, parents, and children. Socialization ensures social order by instilling society’s norms and values in individuals, provides parents and children with emotional satisfaction and support, and teaches children to contribute to the family’s finances. Conflict Dark side of socialization: exploitation and abuse of children by parents. Given their enormous age inequality, parents usually regard children as their personal possessions, denying them many rights enjoyed by adults, such as freedom from corporal punishment. Symbolic interactionist Socialization could be bright or dark, depending on what self-image children develop from interactions with parents and other adults. If children are treated like smart adults and then take and play that role, they will see themselves as smart people. But their self- image will turn negative if the adults in their lives are negative role models.

13. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Social Diversity in Socialization

14. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Current Event: Who Are the Twixters? Young people in their twenties living with their parents who are in transition from adolescence to adulthood.Young people in their twenties living with their parents who are in transition from adolescence to adulthood. Reasons for this extension of adolescence:Reasons for this extension of adolescence: High cost of living High cost of living High rate of divorce High rate of divorce Postponement of marriage and parenthood Postponement of marriage and parenthood Increased difficulty for young people to become financially independent, with a family and a home. Increased difficulty for young people to become financially independent, with a family and a home.

15. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 A Global Analysis of Socialization Western SocietiesNon-Western societies Children expected to playChildren expected to work Daily care left to parents - develops individualism Expanded network of carers - develops trust Children taught to be self- reliant Children develop strong sense of security Parents teach children to curb impulses and behave Children are initially given more freedom

16. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Agents of Socialization The Family The School The Peer Group The Mass Media

17. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Adult Socialization Anticipatory socialization—the process by which people learn to assume a role in the future (e.g. going to college). Anticipatory socialization—the process by which people learn to assume a role in the future (e.g. going to college). Developmental socialization—the process by which people learn to be more competent in a role (e.g. learning how to be a dad). Developmental socialization—the process by which people learn to be more competent in a role (e.g. learning how to be a dad). Resocialization—the process by which people are forced to develop a new self (e.g. going to prison). Resocialization—the process by which people are forced to develop a new self (e.g. going to prison).

18. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

19. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Aging and Dying Modern societies do not adequately socialize individuals for old age. Modern societies do not adequately socialize individuals for old age. Young people believe the elderly live lonely and unrewarding lives. Young people believe the elderly live lonely and unrewarding lives. Death is seldom witnessed—we have been robbed of the realization that death is the natural culmination of life. Death is seldom witnessed—we have been robbed of the realization that death is the natural culmination of life. It is not the number of deaths but how society treats death that affects our feelings about the end of life. It is not the number of deaths but how society treats death that affects our feelings about the end of life.

20. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Chapter Review What is socialization? What is socialization? How do children learn to think? How do children learn to think? What do the three major sociological perspectives tell us about socialization? What do the three major sociological perspectives tell us about socialization? How do various minority groups in the U.S. socialize their children? How do various minority groups in the U.S. socialize their children? Who are the twixters? Who are the twixters? What is distinctive about each of the major socializing agents? What is distinctive about each of the major socializing agents?

21. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Nature v. Nurture Socialization, the process of learning ones role in society as a result of socializing agents Socialization, the process of learning ones role in society as a result of socializing agents How many of our characteristics come from “nature” (what we inherit) and how many from “nurture” (what we learn)? How many of our characteristics come from “nature” (what we inherit) and how many from “nurture” (what we learn)? Most social scientists think intelligence is learned from the social environment. Most social scientists think intelligence is learned from the social environment. Nature sets limits on what we can achieve; socialization plays a role in what we do achieve. Nature sets limits on what we can achieve; socialization plays a role in what we do achieve.

22. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Chapter Review What is socialization? What is socialization? How do children learn to think? How do children learn to think? What do the three major sociological perspectives tell us about socialization? What do the three major sociological perspectives tell us about socialization? How do various minority groups in the U.S. socialize their children? How do various minority groups in the U.S. socialize their children? Who are the twixters? Who are the twixters? What is distinctive about each of the major socializing agents? What is distinctive about each of the major socializing agents?

23. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

24. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Chapter Review What is socialization? What is socialization? How do children learn to think? How do children learn to think? What do the three major sociological perspectives tell us about socialization? What do the three major sociological perspectives tell us about socialization? How do various minority groups in the U.S. socialize their children? How do various minority groups in the U.S. socialize their children? Who are the twixters? Who are the twixters? What is distinctive about each of the major socializing agents? What is distinctive about each of the major socializing agents?

25. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Theoretical Thumbnail: Characteristics of Socialization PerspectiveFocusInsights Functionalist Bright side of socialization: social, psychological, and economic benefits for society, parents, and children. Socialization ensures social order by instilling society’s norms and values in individuals, provides parents and children with emotional satisfaction and support, and teaches children to contribute to the family’s finances. Conflict Dark side of socialization: exploitation and abuse of children by parents. Given their enormous age inequality, parents usually regard children as their personal possessions, denying them many rights enjoyed by adults, such as freedom from corporal punishment. Symbolic interactionist Socialization could be bright or dark, depending on what self-image children develop from interactions with parents and other adults. If children are treated like smart adults and then take and play that role, they will see themselves as smart people. But their self- image will turn negative if the adults in their lives are negative role models.

26. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Chapter Review What is socialization? What is socialization? How do children learn to think? How do children learn to think? What do the three major sociological perspectives tell us about socialization? What do the three major sociological perspectives tell us about socialization? How do various minority groups in the U.S. socialize their children? How do various minority groups in the U.S. socialize their children? Who are the twixters? Who are the twixters? What is distinctive about each of the major socializing agents? What is distinctive about each of the major socializing agents?

27. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Social Diversity in Socialization

28. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Chapter Review What is socialization? What is socialization? How do children learn to think? How do children learn to think? What do the three major sociological perspectives tell us about socialization? What do the three major sociological perspectives tell us about socialization? How do various minority groups in the U.S. socialize their children? How do various minority groups in the U.S. socialize their children? Who are the twixters? Who are the twixters? What is distinctive about each of the major socializing agents? What is distinctive about each of the major socializing agents?

29. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Current Event: Who Are the Twixters? Young people in their twenties living with their parents who are in transition from adolescence to adulthood.Young people in their twenties living with their parents who are in transition from adolescence to adulthood. Reasons for this extension of adolescence:Reasons for this extension of adolescence: High cost of living High cost of living High rate of divorce High rate of divorce Postponement of marriage and parenthood Postponement of marriage and parenthood Increased difficulty for young people to become financially independent, with a family and a home. Increased difficulty for young people to become financially independent, with a family and a home.

30. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Chapter Review What is socialization? What is socialization? How do children learn to think? How do children learn to think? What do the three major sociological perspectives tell us about socialization? What do the three major sociological perspectives tell us about socialization? How do various minority groups in the U.S. socialize their children? How do various minority groups in the U.S. socialize their children? Who are the twixters? Who are the twixters? What is distinctive about each of the major socializing agents? What is distinctive about each of the major socializing agents?

31. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Agents of Socialization The Family The School The Peer Group The Mass Media