2. The Past, Present and Future Perspective on Radio Communications in Korea Hyuckjae Lee Prof., School of Engineering ICU www.icu.ac.kr P.O.Box 77, Yuseong, Daejon, KOREA hjlee@icu.ac.kr

3. 2 Contents Introduction to Radio Communications Overview of Radio Communications in Korea Status of Telecommunications in Korea Development of CDMA Digital Cellular System Prospects for the Future Mobile Communications in Korea New Initiatives for Future IT, IT 8-3-9 Strategy Requirement for Future Spectrum Management Final Remarks

4. 3 Introduction to Radio Communications

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6. 5 Cellular Systems Early 80’s : Analog Cellular like AMPS, NMT,,, Early 90’s : Digital Cellular like GSM, TDMA, CDMA Early 00’s : IMT-2000 Wireless Local Loop, Wireless LANs and Wireless Internet (WiBro….)

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12. 11 Overview of Radio Communications in Korea Before ’80 : Pre-Dawn Periods ’80 ~ ’90 : Development Period ’90 ~ 2000 : Jumping Period ‘2000 ~ : Leading into New Horizon

13. 12 Before ’80 : Pre-Dawn Periods –For telecommunications in whole, there were several year’s waiting for a telephone, and PTT, a part of government and monopoly –Due to division of South and North Korea, radio usage was very much restricted and even no short- wave radio receiver –Practically No Personal Use of Radio Communication except for amateur use. –All usage are for governmental, ships or telecommunication relay purposes  Very weak radio communication Industry except some for military communications

14. 13 Pre-Dawn Periods (cont.) Pre-cellular wide area mobile communications (MTS) systems began its service in Seoul since early ’60, but the number of users were less than hundreds. UHF and microwave scattering links between Japan and Korea, and Cheju Island and main land. Short wave radios for oceanic ship communications Analog Microwave Radios implemented for long distance backhauls throughout the country. Satellite communications for international telecommunications, and relaying broadcasting.

15. 14 Pre-Dawn Periods (cont.) Broadcasting: –AM (MF and HF for international purpose) –FM (VHF) –TV (VHF) only black & white, began in ’62 Limited use of VHF walki-talkies Amateur Ham with no mobile use The telephone set was supplied only by PTT

16. 15 ’80 ~ ’90 Development Periods Telecommunications in general –Government set up the objective of “one home one phone” –TDX digital switching system developed (’85) –Korea Telecom became public corporation –Telephone set open to free market (’81)  Cordless phone permitted to use (’83) –“One home one phone” achieved in ’87  “one apply in the morning, one get the phone in the afternoon”  Digital and Computers are everywhere

17. 16 ’80 ~ ’90 Development Periods (cont.) Modern Mobile Communications –Paging service began in ’82 –Analog mobile phone (AMPS) service began in ’84 –TRS(Trunked Radio System: PMR) began in ’88  Domestic industry still in infant state –Initiation of Development of Digital Cellular System in ’89 at ETRI

18. 17 ’80 ~ ’90 Development Periods (cont.) Other Radio Communications –Walkie-Talkie and Amateur Ham possible on move –15 ch. and 40 ch. MCA cordless phone  Became the world largest manufacturers of cordless phones in late ’80s.  Basis for the ’90s jump into world leaders in mobile communications –Digital Microwave Radio links –Domestic Communication and Broadcasting Satellites planned

19. 18 ’80 ~ ’90 Development Periods (cont.) Broadcasting –Color TV broadcasting in ’80  Boost domestic electronics manufacturers ( Samsung, LG, and Daewoo ) world-competitive Telecommunication Policy Change in late ’80s –Deregularization  Privatization of Korea Telecom –Introduction of Competition in Telecommunications  Second operators licensed –Open Policy for Radio Communications

20. 19 ’90 ~ Jumping Periods Began with audacious development of Digital Cellular System by ETRI in ’89 Together with licensing of the second cellular and many paging operators in early ’90s. World’s first CDMA digital system and service in ‘96  Fierce competitions in the market share between operators, and between manufacturers  Many new services and design features field-proven  Subsidization of user terminals lower the cost  Explosive growth of subscribers, and so usage  More and more competitive domestic manufacturers, and operators

21. 20 2000 ~ : Wireless Multimedia Era Beginning of Digital Broadcasting –Terrestrial HDTV, digital CATV –Digital HD satellite broadcasting Convergence of Communications and Broadcasting –DMB (Digital Multimedia Broadcasting): –Internet TV Wider mobile multimedia services as WiBro RFID and USN services

22. 21 Status of Telecommunications in Korea Population : 46 Millions / 99,300 sq. km Seoul : 11.0 Millions / 605 sq. km Pusan : 4.0 Millions / 436 sq. km Status of Telecommunications - Wireline Operators : KT : Major PTT,ADSL, VDSL DACOM : PSDN, International & Long Distance Hanaro : Local Loops,ADSL Onse Telecom : International & Long Distance - Wireless Operators : SK Telecom : Cellular, IMT-2000 (W-CDMA) KTF : PCS, IMT-2000 (W-CDMA) LG Telecom : PCS KT Powertel : Digital TRS Regulator : MIC ( Ministry of Information & Communication ) *** Broadcasting services under Broadcasting Commission

23. 22 History of Mobile Telecommunications In Korea o 1961 : - Pre-cellular Mobile Service(MTS) o 1982 : - Paging Service by KT o 1984 : - AMPS Cellular Service by KT o 1988 : - KMT spin out from KT o 1989 : - Development of Digital Cellular System initiated by ETRI o 1993 : - Adoption of CDMA System for Digital Standard - 2nd Pager Operators Began Operations o 1994 : - Shinsegi Telecom chosen as 2nd Cellular Operator o 1996 : - CDMA Commercial Services ( Jan.: KMT, Apr.: Shinsegi) - PCS(3 national), Digital TRS(1 national, 5 regional),Pager(1 regional), CT-2 (1 national,10 regional), Mobile Data(3 national) Licensed o 1997 : - CT-2 Services, and Mobile Data Services - PCS CDMA Services o 2000 : - Two IMT-2000 Operators (W-CDMA) Licensed O 2001 : - One additional IMT-2000 Operator(cdma-2000) Licensed O 2002 : - cdma-2000 EVDO services began O 2004 : - W-CDMA services began O 2005: - 3 WiBro services licensed

24. 23 Cellular & PCS Subscribers in Korea

25. 24 Directions to Wireless Multimedia Era  Evolution of Mobile Communications ‘80 1st Generation CT-1 CT-2 DECT AMPS NMT TACS GSM ADC(IS-54) PDC IS-95 DCS1800 IS-54 based PCS Upband IS-95 PCS(CDMA) PHS Satellite GMPCS Cordless Telephone Analog Cellular Digital Cellular PCS IMT-2000 - W-CDMA - cdma2000 Mobile Multimedia ‘90 2nd Generation 2000 3rd Generation 2010 (?) 4th Generation CDMA Data Rate8 kbps8 - 114 kbpsUp to 2 MbpsOver 2 Mbps Ubiquitous Comm. Wireless Internets

26. 25 (year) 19881992 199620002004 Subscribers (Million) 600 400 200 0 800 1,000 Communication Traffic (arb. unit) Man-Man Comm. InformationExplosion 2008 600 400 200 0 800 1,000 Telephone Internet Next Gen.Internet Mobile Cellular, PCS Broadband Mobile IMT-2000, B-WLL Cyber Network Machine-Machi ne Comm. Traffic Increase in 21 Century (Bandwidth Explosion)

27. 26 Development of CDMA Digital Cellular System (2nd Generation) Service : Anticipated Need for Exploding User Demands Industry : Need for Boosting Domestic Mobile Communication Industries <Bold Step to Develop Digital Cellular System by ETRI in 1989> ***** At the end of 1988, the number of cellular users was less than 40 k in Korea, and mobile portable phone cost more than 3,000 $ !!!!!

28. 27 Which System ? Digital Candidates in 1990 : - European GSM(TDMA) - Japanese TDMA - North American TDMA or CDMA Factors for Considerations : - Capacity - Frequency Requirements - Compatibility with Analog System - Market Size and Competitiveness - System Availability  North American System Preferred

29. 28  Power Control over Multipath Fading  Once Done in ASIC, Mass production matters  Good Quality and more than 12 times capacity than others

30. 29 CDMA System Satisfies Capacity Demand of Seoul in 2000 and Beyond Good Voice Quality Ease of Cell Planning Longer Battery Usage Wider Coverage and In-Building Penetrations But, CDMA system was not field proven, so risky. < CDMA as Digital Cellular Standard in 1993, and PCS Standard in 1995 >

31. 30 MIC LGIC Infra. Mobiles Maxon Mobiles KT KMT Tech. Cooperation ETRI Qualcomm Samsung Infra. Mobiles Hyundai Infra. Mobiles Co-development Structure for IS-95 System

32. 31 Points for CDMA Success World’s first CDMA commercial service in ’96 –The infrastructure provider: Samsung, LG, Hyundai, Motorola & Lucent –The mobile phone provider: Samsung, LG, Hyundai, Maxon & Qualcomm  Only Korean domestic manufacturers and Qualcomm  No majors like Motorola, Ericsson, Nokia Fierce competition of the market share Field-proven infrastructure and operational experiences Subsidization of mobile phones  Mobile CDMA phone market with 100% domestic share in comparison with the previous analog market with less than 20% domestic share  World leaders in CDMA, and strong competitors in GSM mobile phone provider

33. 32 Not All Services Successful Paging services leading the mobile market with the peak subscribers of 15 million in ’97 fade out –At present, subscribers are merely 70 k. CT-2 services failed to exist New digital TRS never made any successful progress except the incumbent KT Powertel Mobile data service operators not successful In worldwide, mobile satellite services like Iridium and Globalstar failed for commercial service  Mainly due to the prevailing success of compact, affordable and convenient almighty cellular and PCS phone

34. 33 IMT-2000 Services Services : Voice, Data, Video & Multimedia as Mobile Internet Data Base Access IPS e-mail Voice 10 kbps100 kbps1 Mbps10 Mbps Service Data Rate Telebanking Electronic Newspaper, Data Service(Image,Music) Teleshopping Video Telephony Video Conference

35. 34 IMT-2000 Service Coverage 9.6 kbps < 144 kbps < 384 kbps < 2 Mbps MSS vehicular speed pedestrian indoor

36. 35 Status of IMT-2000 Services in Korea Two W-CDMA and one cdma-2000 operators were assigned in 2000 and 2001, respectively. CDMA cellular and PCS operators ( the same operators for IMT-2000) have been doing quite successful about IS-95C (which is just cdma-2000 1X) services and 1x-EVDO. So there is not much need to hurry for full IMT-2000 services in Korea. W-CDMA commercial services began in late 2003, but yet to be seen in the market, and Korean vendors are ready for system implementations for HSPDA.  Korea is leading the world in mobile multimedia and IMT- 2000 services, and is being benchmarked by many foreign operators.

37. 36 Prospects for the Future Mobile Communications in Korea As voice is concerned, “anywhere access” is fully realized with 2-G mobiles, PABX phones, and cordless telephones. As we enter into knowledge-based information society at the turn of the century, main focus on communication is being shifted towards ubiquitous high speed wireless multimedia/internet. “Anywhere access for data” will be the major topics for the next generation mobile systems like IMT- 2000. “Integration between wireline and wireless communications” is being sought much by operators. But, nobody is sure how much high speed data services will be needed when one is on move. While it is feasible to predict the ever-growing needs for high speed data, wherever one is located stationary (nomadic). Mobility on fixed network is as important as that on mobile network.

38. 37 Converging Wireless Access as Last Mile Access Public Land Mobile Systems like 2-G and 3-G : –Advantage : “wherever service” possible –Disadvantage : limited data speed and capacity, and relatively high tariffs No tariffs and high data speed –Broadband Wireless LAN : within campus or large premise, and offices –Home R.F. or Personal LAN like Bluetooth : at home or on personal move –SRD (Short Range Communication Device) Low tariffs and high data speed, where the fixed system is not conveniently accessible –WiBro service –Broadband Fixed Wireless Access –Broadband Satellite Internet Service

39. 38 Most Promising Development  “Wherever Wireless Internet/Multimedia Service” will be realized with 2-, 2.5-,and 3-G mobile systems on move, and wireless LAN including Home R.F. in nomadic stationary, and WiBro services between.  Variety of user terminals:  Mobile Phone with Microbrowser  Smartphone  Web computer  PDA or Hand-held/Notebook computer with wireless module ( 2-G, 3- G mobile, Wireless LAN or dual-mode)  PDA or Hand-held/Notebook computer connected to mobile phone with wire or wireless

40. 39 Future Wireless Internet Service Moving at high speed 64/128 kb/s Indoors up to 2 Mb/s Bluetooth Station AP Move AP LAN PBX LAN Network Home LAN AP (Home Station) W- LAN WiBro P-MP FWA up to 6 Mb/s Moving at low speed 64 to 384 kb/s Base station IMT-2000 ETRI DAB,DBS satellite Ka-band Ku-band Satellite Multimedia P-P FWA at 6 Mb/s, 45 Mb/s Internet Network mm -wave SC S WiBro

41. 40 Status of Wireless LAN  900 MHz ISM Band : proprietary about 1 Mbps  2.4 GHz ISM Band :  Proprietary : mainly using Frequency Hopping, about 1 Mbps  IEEE 802.11 : standardized in June ‘97, about 2 Mbps  IEEE 802.11 TGb : SS, up to 11 Mbps  IEEE 802.11.TGg : OFDM, up to 24 Mbps  5 GHz :  IEEE 802.11 TGa : OFDM, 6 ~ 54 Mbps  Wireless ATM LAN : Hiper LAN, up tp 25 Mbps  17 GHz, 60 GHz Band Wireless ATM LAN : 155 Mbps Wireless ATM

42. 41 Transmission Techniques for Wireless LAN S.S. (DSSS, FHSS)MicrowaveInfraredOFDM Freq. 902 ~ 928 MHz 2.4 ~ 2.4835 GHz 5.725 ~ 5.850 GHz 18.825 ~ 19.205 GHz 3×10 11 Hz (LED) 5.15 ~ 5.24 GHz 5.25 ~ 5.35 GHz 5.725 ~ 5.825 GHz LicenseNot req. (ISM band)Req.Not req. Coverage 105 ~ 800 ft (32 ~ 244 m) 40 ~ 130 ft (12 ~ 40 m) 30 ~ 80 ft (9 ~ 24 m) 80 ~ 600 ft (24 ~ 183 m) Advantage - resilient to noise and Interference - secure - building penetration - high speed - less interference due to less spectrum sharing devices in this band - high speed - no EM interference - high speed - building penetration Disadv. -Relatively low speed DSSS: high chip rate FHSS: difficulty in freq. synchronization -Complex receiver structure for multipath fading - small coverage (LOS) -No penetration - sensitive to sunlight - high speed FFT implementation - Synchronization complicated - PAR problem Product Orinoco (Lucent, 11Mbps, DSSS) Altair (Motorola, 10Mbps) Infra LAN (BICC, 4.16Mbps) IEEE 802.11a (54Mbps) HIPERLAN/2 (54Mbps)

43. 42 Service Status of W-LAN in Korea W-LAN(802.11b) service is blossoming in Korea at present. –Many universities –Large, medium and small enterprises –Several operators are providing for the commercial services (hot spot service) at the airports, hotels, subway stations, and etc. –Newly built apartments will be furnished with home W-LAN infra systems Tough competitions between many domestic and international vendors, and sizable market scales  Lower Cost  More Demands MIC has assigned more frequency spectrum( 5 GHz band), and investigating for possible broadband portable Internet system.

44. 43 WiBro: New Service between Cellular and W-LAN HMI (High Mobility Internet) or Mobile Internet Service –Wider bandwidth internet service –Limited mobility up to 60 km/h –Economic cost for terminal and usage –Frequency: 2.3 GHz at the time being On-going Standardization Process as WiMax-e system ETRI and Samsung developed the system Based on OFDM(A) Newly named as WiBro Service KT and SKT licensed, and there were trial services during this APEC Summit Meeting in Pusan.

45. 44 OFDM ? Need for Wideband Multimedia Service – Limited Spectrum Bandwidth – Not Friendly Transmission Environment Multipath fading effect Frequency selective channel Doppler effect Single Carrier vs. Multi-Carrier Modulation – CDMA system for single carrier modulation – OFDM system for multi-carrier modulation

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47. 46 What is to be done to promote Mobile Internet?  Contents : Killer Applications (Infortainment)  SMS, e-mail, chatting, news, weather forecasting, location base services,...  e-commerce : stock trade, shopping, ticketing,….  Entertainment: coloring, on-line game, MP-3, characters, animation, VOD….  Telelearning : interactive education,...  Tariffs : Charging based on connection time unsuitable  Based on transmitted packets  Fixed rate plan  Wireless Internet Platform: Good Micro-Browser like WAP, micro-HTML for small display, or BREW  Voice Activated Input Tech.  Innovative Display Tech.: Folding Display  Personal or Home Networking :

48. 47 Satellite WirelessDigitalConvergence HAPS DVB GPRS WPAN W-CDMA Satellite/HAP S Broadcasting Cellular Indoors BWA Wireless Local Loop HIPERLAN W-LAN Wireless1394 CDMA2000 PCS 4G as the Integration GSM DAB IS-95 Broadband W-LAN LMDS Bluetooth WLAN MMDS IPv6 SDR

49. 48 Converging Stage of Various Wireless Access in the Future OutDoorOutDoor InDoorInDoor Vehicle Pede- strian Still Fixed Still 0.1 1 10 100 Data Rate(Mbits/sec) Converging Stage System Beyond IMT-2000 Wireless LAN LMDS Wireless PAN IMT-2000 Phase2 IMT-2000 Phase1 Broadband/Satellite Wireless Access Ultra High Speed WLAN Wired Line Wireless LAN

50. 49 Vision for 4G System Data Rate <100 Mbps 14.4 kbps Mobility Vehicular 2G 3.5G 3G 4G Mobile Communication Broadband Convergence Network (BcN) 802.11b/g B-WLL cdma2000/W-CDMA WiBro EV-DV/HSDPA <50 Mbps Wireless Local Loop 2.4 GHz WLAN 5 GHz WLAN WLL (Wireless Local Loop) 802.11a WLAN cdmaOne/GSM High Data Rate WLAN PAN Cellular (Mobile Communication) Wireless IEEE 1394 Home RF 20022003After 2010 2004After 2005 Communication Objects Human-to-HumanThing-to-Thing Human-to-Machine Mobile(Voice) Telephone Short Message Service(SMS) Ubiquitous Service 4G Mobile Communication Mobile Phone/Wireless Internet Access WLAN / Positioning / Video Service / High Data Rate Portable Internet Service Market Requirement Customer-oriented System High Data Rate (>100Mbps) Wireless TX Ubiquitous Network Service-oriented System High Data Rate Wireless Internet Technology-oriented System Enhanced Voice Quality/Roaming Category Before 2001 3G 2G 4G Pedestrian High Data Rate Portable Internet High Data Rate PAN

51. 50 Requirements for 4-G System Developments in Korea  High speed data rate :  Vehicular : 100 Mbps  Pedestrian/ Indoor : 1 Gbps  Semi-Fixed : 1 Gbps  All IP based network structure : QoS guaranteed  Next generation Internet support : IPv6, Mobile IP  High Capacity : 5 ~ 10 times to 3-G  Seamless services with fixed, and private network like Wireless LAN and BWA  Frequency band : 3 ~ 6 GHz, possibly higher  Lower system cost

52. 51 Requirements for 4G System Data rate –100 Mbps for high mobility use –1 Gbps for stationary and nomadic use Spectral efficiency –5 ~ 10 bps/Hz Prediction of required spectrum bandwidth –1280 MHz (lower market) ~ 1720 MHz (higher market) by 2020  How to find and allocate these frequency bands?

53. 52 Candidate Frequency Bands for 4G System To be determined at WRC-07, Geneva this year Frequency sharing is inevitable Market for multi-band and multi-mode terminal

54. 53 New Initiatives for Future IT IT 8-3-9 Strategy Korean IT industry developed into global industry from scratch in just two decades. Achievement was made possible due thanks to new services that create demands, establishment of infrastructure that enables the provision of new services and thus enhancing manufacturing capabilities. With goal to develop another cycle, MIC proposes the new IT 8-3-9 Strategy. MIC is committed to implementation of the Strategy to achieve $20,000 GDP per capita.

55. 54 IT 8-3-9 Strategy Introducing and Promoting 8 Services –WiBro Service ( High Mobility Internet) –Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB terrestrial/satellite) –Home Network Service –Telematics Service –RFID based Service –W-CDMA Service –Terrestrial Digital HDTV –Internet Telephony (VoIP)

56. 55 IT 8-3-9 Strategy (conti.) Building 3 Infrastructures –BcN (Broad Convergence Network) –Ubiquitous Sensor Network –IPv6

57. 56 IT 8-3-9 Strategy (conti.) Development of 9 IT New Growth Engines –Next Generation Mobile Communications –Digital TV –Home Network –IT SoC –Next Generation PC –Embedded SW –Digital Contents –Telematics –Intelligent Service Robots

58. 57 Requirement for Future Spectrum Management Facing More and More Complications –Ever Increasing Demands and Values for Frequency Spectrum –Convergence of Diverse Services Differentiation among Services or Systems ambiguous Especially for the 4-G Services –Appearance of New Unpredicted Services Flexibility of Spectrum Use needed –Globalization and De-regularization Trends –Need of Long-and–Medium Term Frequency Spectrum Planning

59. 58 Spectrum Management Policy towards 21st Century Flexible spectrum policy for U-Society –Converging communication/broadcasting services –Spectrum sharing between similar or different services Open spectrum policy for increasing use of spectrum –Deregulation of frequency use, technical requirement, … –Expansion of common unlicensed bands Market-based policy –Medium or long term spectrum planning in advance –Economic valuation for spectrum use R&D for new technology –Intelligent radio (CR) –Spectrum sharing technique

60. 59 Completely Shifted View on Spectrum Utilization In the past ; –New needs or wider use services: ⇒ common to seek for new higher frequency band (Spectrum Scarcity) But the results; –CDMA cellular & PCS services : 40 million users / 110 MHz B.W. –Cordless phone (analog): more than 12 million sets / 2 MHz B.W. –Wireless-LAN including Hot-Spot : several millions / ≈ 180 MHz (ISM) –Bluetooth: many / ≈ 80 MHz (ISM) ⇒ 1) New technology and system improvement for higher spectral efficiency, reliability, capacity and coverage 2) Low-powered unlicensed devices ⇒ Utmost utilization of spectrum sharing possible

61. 60 Technology and System for Improving Spectral Efficiency Higher level modulation –GMSK, QPSK ⇒ QPSK, 16QAM, 64QA M, … –Adaptive modulation CDMA and OFDM(A) over severe multi-path fading conditions FDD ⇒ TDD for asymmetric data communications Coding (Turbo code & LDPC) approaching Shannon’s limit Smart antennas Diversity scheme –MIMO (Space-Time code, BLAST, …) Cooperative communications using relays Spectrum etiquette Spectrum underlying & overlying –UWB –Cognitive Radio

62. 61 Frequency Allocation in Korea

63. 62 Final Remarks In last decade, wireless communications has achieved the quantum jumps in Korea, especially for mobile applications, and later with the high speed internet with ADSL and Cable modem. –Competitive edge for systems, and mobile phone production. –Capabilities of developing many S.W. applications, and many new features –Quality production of Repeaters But, still needs of basic core radio access technology, and essential parts like Modem ASICs and R.F. parts. There is a lot rooms for international cooperation in developing the present and future wireless communications.