1. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu How to Use This Presentation To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.” To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar. From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource. From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lesson’s presentation. You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key.

2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter Presentation Transparencies Image and Math Focus Bank Bellringers Standardized Test Prep Visual Concepts Resources

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Agents of Erosion and Deposition Section 1 Shoreline Erosion and Deposition Section 2 Wind Erosion and Deposition Section 3 Erosion and Deposition by Ice Section 4 The Effect of Gravity on Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3 Table of Contents

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Shoreline Erosion and Deposition Bellringer Where does sand come from? Many people find the sound of waves on a beach very relaxing and peaceful. However, each wave that comes ashore carries a certain amount of destructive force. Write a short poem about how ocean waves create sand from rock. Chapter G3

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Objectives Explain how energy from waves affects a shoreline. Identify six shoreline features created by wave erosion. Explain how wave deposits form beaches. Describe how sand moves along a beach. Section 1 Shoreline Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Wave Energy When waves crash into rocks over long periods of time, the rocks are broken down into smaller and smaller pieces until they become sand. Waves usually play a major role in building up and breaking down the shoreline. A shoreline is the boundary between land and a body of water. Section 1 Shoreline Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Wave Energy, continued As the wind moves across the ocean surface, it produces ripples called waves. The size of a wave depends on how hard the wind is blowing and how long the wind blows. The wind that results from summer hurricanes and severe winter storms produces large waves that cause dramatic shoreline erosion. Section 1 Shoreline Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Wave Energy, continued Wave Trains Waves travel in groups called wave trains. When wave trains reach shallow water, the bottom of the wave drags against the sea floor, slowing the wave down. The upper part of the wave moves more rapidly and grows taller, and begins to curl and break. These breaking waves are known as surf. The time interval between breaking waves is called the wave period. Section 1 Shoreline Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Wave Period of Ocean Waves Section 1 Shoreline Erosion and Deposition Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept Chapter G3

10. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Wave Energy, continued The Pounding Surf Tremendous energy is released when waves break. Crashing waves can break solid rock and throw broken rocks back against the shore. Breaking waves also wash away fine grains of sand, which are picked up by the waves and wear down and polish coastal rock. The process continues until rock is broken down in smaller and smaller pieces that eventually become sand. Section 1 Shoreline Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Wave Erosion Shaping a Shoreline Wave erosion produces a variety of features along a shoreline. Much of the erosion responsible for coastal landforms takes place during storms. Sea cliffs are formed when waves erode and undercut rock to produce steep slopes. The next two slides show some of the major features that result from wave erosion. Section 1 Shoreline Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

12. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Shoreline Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Shoreline Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Wave Deposits Beaches are areas of the shoreline made up of material deposited by waves. Some beach material is also deposited by rivers. Waves carry a variety of materials, including sand, rock fragments, dead coral, and shells. The colors and textures of beaches vary because the type of material found on a beach depends on its source. Section 1 Shoreline Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Wave Deposits, continued Wave Angle and Sand Movement Waves moving at an angle to the shoreline push water along the shore and create longshore currents. Longshore currents move sand in a zigzag pattern along the beach. Section 1 Shoreline Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Wave Deposits, continued Offshore Deposits When waves erode material from the shoreline, longshore currents can transport and deposit the material offshore, which creates landforms in open water. A sandbar is an underwater or exposed ridge of sand, gravel, or shell material. A barrier spit is an exposed sandbar connected to the shoreline. Section 1 Shoreline Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

17. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Wind Erosion and Deposition Bellringer What causes wind? Why are some wind currents stronger than others? Have you ever been near a tornado or typhoon? A hurricane or straight-line windstorm? What happened? Write your answer in your science journal. Chapter G3

18. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Objectives Explain why some areas are more affected by wind erosion than other areas are. Describe the process of saltation. Identify three landforms that result from wind erosion and deposition. Explain how dunes move. Section 2 Wind Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

19. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu The Process of Wind Erosion Saltation is the skipping and bouncing movement of sand or other sediments, caused by wind or water. Moving sand grains knock into one another, bounce up into the air, fall forward, and strike other sand grains, causing them to roll and bounce forward. Section 2 Wind Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

20. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu The Process of Wind Erosion, continued Deflation is a form of wind erosion in which fine, dry soil particles are blown away, removing the top layer of fine sediment or soil and leaving behind rock fragments that are too heavy to be lifted by the wind. Deflation may cause desert pavement, which is a surface consisting of pebbles and small broken rock. Scooped-out depressions in the landscape are called deflation hollows. Section 2 Wind Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu The Process of Wind Erosion, continued Abrasion is the grinding and wearing away of rock surfaces through the mechanical action of other rock or sand particles. Abrasion commonly happens in areas where there are strong winds, loose sand, and soft rocks. The blowing of millions of sharp sand grains creates a sandblasting effect, helping erode, smooth, and polish rocks. Section 2 Wind Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

22. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Wind-Deposited Materials Loess is a deposit of windblown, fine-grained sediment. Because wind can carry fine-grained material much higher and farther than it carries sand, loess deposits are sometimes found far from their source. Section 2 Wind Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

23. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Loess Section 2 Wind Erosion and Deposition Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept Chapter G3

24. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Wind-Deposited Materials, continued Dunes When the wind hits an obstacle, the wind slows down, depositing the heavier material. The material collects, creating an additional obstacle and eventually forming a mound that buries the original obstacle. The mounds of wind-deposited sand are called dunes. A dune keep its shape, even though it moves. Section 2 Wind Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

25. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Wind-Deposited Materials, continued The Movement of Dunes Different wind conditions produce dunes in various shapes and sizes. A dune usually has a gently sloped side and a steeply sloped side, called a slip face. Section 2 Wind Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

26. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Erosion and Deposition by Ice Bellringer Fourteen thousand years ago, much of North America was covered in a thick layer of ice called a continental glacier, which moved as far south as southern Illinois. Humans were living in North America at the time. Write a paragraph about being an early human and discovering this glacier. Chapter G3

27. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Objectives Explain the difference between alpine glaciers and continental glaciers. Describe two ways in which glaciers move. Identify five landscape features formed by alpine glaciers. Identify four types of moraines. Section 3 Erosion and Deposition by Ice Chapter G3

28. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Glaciers—Rivers of Ice A glacier is a large mass of moving ice. They are capable of eroding, moving, and depositing large amounts of rock materials. Glaciers form in areas so cold that snow stays on the ground year-round. Because glaciers are so massive, the pull of gravity causes them to flow slowly, like “rivers of ice.” Section 3 Erosion and Deposition by Ice Chapter G3

29. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Glaciers—Rivers of Ice, continued Alpine Glaciers form in mountainous areas. One common type of alpine glacier is a valley glacier. Valley glaciers form in valleys originally created by stream erosion. As these glaciers slowly flow downhill, they widen and straighten the valleys into broad U shapes. Section 3 Erosion and Deposition by Ice Chapter G3

30. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Glaciers—Rivers of Ice, continued Continental Glaciers are huge, continuous masses of ice that can spread across entire continents. The largest continental glacier in the world covers almost all of Antarctica. This ice sheet is approximately one and a half times the size of the United States, and is more than 4,000 m thick in some places. Section 3 Erosion and Deposition by Ice Chapter G3

31. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Glaciers on the Move When enough ice builds up on a slope, the ice begins to move downhill. Thick glaciers move faster than thin glaciers, and the steeper the slope, the faster the glaciers will move. Glaciers move in two ways: sliding and flowing. A glacier slides when its weight causes the ice at the bottom to melt. A glacier flows as ice crystals within the glacier slip over each other. Section 3 Erosion and Deposition by Ice Glaciers—Rivers of Ice, continued Chapter G3

32. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Movement of Glaciers Section 3 Erosion and Deposition by Ice Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept Chapter G3

33. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Glacier movement is affected by climate. As the Earth cools, glaciers grow. About 10,000 years ago, a continental glacier covered most of North America. Section 3 Erosion and Deposition by Ice Glaciers—Rivers of Ice, continued Chapter G3

34. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Landforms Carved by Glaciers Continental glaciers and alpine glaciers produce landscapes that are very different from one another. Continental glaciers smooth the landscape by scraping and eroding features that existed before the ice appeared. Alpine glaciers carve out large amounts of rock material and create spectacular landforms. Section 3 Erosion and Deposition by Ice Chapter G3

35. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Erosion and Deposition by Ice Chapter G3

36. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Types of Glacial Deposits As a glacier melts, it drops all the material it is carrying. Glacial drift is the general term used to describe all material carried and deposited by glaciers. Glacial drift is divided into two main types, till and stratified drift. Section 3 Erosion and Deposition by Ice Chapter G3

37. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Types of Glacial Deposits, continued Till Deposits Unsorted rock material that is deposited directly by the ice when it melts is called till. Unsorted means that the till is made up of rock material of different sizes. The most common till deposits are moraines. Moraines generally form ridges along the edges of glaciers. Section 3 Erosion and Deposition by Ice Chapter G3

38. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Types of Glacial Deposits, continued Stratified drift is a glacial deposit that has been sorted and layered by the action of streams or meltwater. Streams carry sorted material and deposit it in front of the glacier in a broad area called an outwash plain. Sometimes, a block of ice is left in an outwash plain when a glacier retreats. As the ice melts, sediment builds up around the block of ice, forming a depression called a kettle. Section 3 Erosion and Deposition by Ice Chapter G3

39. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Glacial Drift: Stratified Drift and Till Section 3 Erosion and Deposition by Ice Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept Chapter G3

40. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 The Effect of Gravity on Erosion and Deposition Bellringer “Watch for falling rock!” Where would a warning sign like this be necessary? Have you ever seen one of these signs on a highway or trail? What factors contribute to making a rock-fall zone? Chapter G3

41. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Objectives Explain the role of gravity as an agent of erosion and deposition. Explain how angle of repose is related to mass movement. Describe four types of rapid mass movement. Describe three factors that affect creep. Section 4 The Effect of Gravity on Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

42. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Angle of Repose Gravity is an agent of erosion and deposition. It influences the movement of water and ice, and it causes rocks and soil to move downslope. Mass movement is the movement of any material, such as rock, soil, or snow, downslope. Section 4 The Effect of Gravity on Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

43. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Angle of Repose, continued Material such as rock, soil, or snow moves downhill until the slope becomes stable. The angle of repose is the steepest angle at which loose material will not slide downslope. The angle of repose is different for different surface material. Size, weight, shape, and moisture level determine at what angle material will move down- slope. Section 4 The Effect of Gravity on Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

44. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Rapid Mass Movement Rock falls happen when loose rocks fall down a steep slope. The rocks can range in size from small fragments to large boulders. Mass movements, like rock falls, happen suddenly and rapidly, and can be very dangerous. Section 4 The Effect of Gravity on Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

45. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Rapid Mass Movement, continued Landslides are sudden and rapid movements of a large amount of material downslope. The most common type of landslide is a slump. Slumping occurs when a block of land becomes detached and slides downhill. Section 4 The Effect of Gravity on Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

46. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Rapid Mass Movement, continued Mudflows are rapid movements of large masses of mud. Mudflows happen when a large amount of water mixes with soil and rock. The water causes the slippery mass of mud to flow rapidly downslope. Mudflows commonly happen in mountainous regions when a long dry season is followed by heavy rains. Section 4 The Effect of Gravity on Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

47. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Rapid Mass Movement, continued Lahars are mudflows caused by volcanic eruptions or heavy rains on volcanic ash. Lahars can travel at speeds grater than 80 km/h and can be as thick as cement. On volcanoes with snowy peaks, an eruption can suddenly melt a great amount of ice. Water from the ice liquefies the soil and volcanic ash to produce a hot mudflow that rushes downslope. Section 4 The Effect of Gravity on Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

48. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Slow Mass Movement Creep is the slow mass movement of material downslope. Although rapid mass movements are visible and dramatic, slow mass movements happen a little at a time. However, slow mass movements occur more frequently, and more material is moved collectively. Section 4 The Effect of Gravity on Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

49. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Creep Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept Section 4 The Effect of Gravity on Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

50. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Concept Map Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide. dust storms wind saltation deflation loess dunes Agents of Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

51. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Agents of Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

52. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Agents of Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

53. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu End of Chapter G3 Show

54. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Reading Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter G3

55. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Passage 1 When you drop a pebble into a pond, is there just one ripple? Of course not. Waves, like ripples, don’t move alone. Waves travel in groups called wave trains. As wave trains move away from their sources, they travel through the ocean water uninterrupted. But when waves reach shallow water, they change form because the ocean floor crowds the lower part of the wave. As a result, the waves get closer together and taller. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter G3

56. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. In this passage, what does the word uninterrupted mean? A not continuous B not broken C broken again D not interpreted Standardized Test Preparation Chapter G3

57. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Preparation 1. In this passage, what does the word uninterrupted mean? A not continuous B not broken C broken again D not interpreted Chapter G3

58. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. In this passage, what does the word train mean? F to teach someone a skill G the part of a gown that trails behind the person who is wearing the gown H a series of moving things I a series of railroad cars Standardized Test Preparation Chapter G3

59. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Preparation 2. In this passage, what does the word train mean? F to teach someone a skill G the part of a gown that trails behind the person who is wearing the gown H a series of moving things I a series of railroad cars Chapter G3

60. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. According to the passage, what is the cause of taller waves? A shallow water B deep ocean water C rippling D wave trains Standardized Test Preparation Chapter G3

61. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Preparation 3. According to the passage, what is the cause of taller waves? A shallow water B deep ocean water C rippling D wave trains Chapter G3

62. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 4. If certain waves are short and far apart, which of the following can be concluded? F The waves are approaching the shore. G The waves are moving toward their source. H The waves were interrupted. I The waves are in deep ocean water. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter G3

63. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Preparation 4. If certain waves are short and far apart, which of the following can be concluded? F The waves are approaching the shore. G The waves are moving toward their source. H The waves were interrupted. I The waves are in deep ocean water. Chapter G3

64. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Passage 2 Winter storms create powerful waves that crash into cliffs and break off pieces of rock that fall into the ocean. On February 8, 1998, unusually large waves crashed against the cliffs along Broad Beach Road in Malibu, California. Eventually, the ocean-eroded cliffs buckled, which caused a landslide. Continued on the next slide Standardized Test Preparation Chapter G3

65. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Passage 2, continued One house collapsed into the ocean, and two more houses dangled on the edge of the cliff’s newly eroded face. Powerful waves, buckled cliffs, and landslides are part of the on-going natural process of coastal erosion that is taking place along the California shoreline and along similar shorelines throughout the world. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter G3

66. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. In this passage, what does buckled mean? A tightened B collapsed C formed D heated up Standardized Test Preparation Chapter G3

67. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Preparation 1. In this passage, what does buckled mean? A tightened B collapsed C formed D heated up Chapter G3

68. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Which of the following describes how this coastal area was damaged? F The area was damaged by collapsing houses. G The area was damaged an earthquake. H The area was damaged by ocean currents. I The area was damaged by unusually large waves produced by a winter storm. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter G3

69. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Preparation 2. Which of the following describes how this coastal area was damaged? F The area was damaged by collapsing houses. G The area was damaged an earthquake. H The area was damaged by ocean currents. I The area was damaged by unusually large waves produced by a winter storm. Chapter G3

70. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. Which of the following can be concluded from this passage? A This area may have landslides in the future. B This area is safe from future landslides. C This type of landslide is common only to the California coastline. D Erosion in this area happens very rarely. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter G3

71. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Preparation 3. Which of the following can be concluded from this passage? A This area may have landslides in the future. B This area is safe from future landslides. C This type of landslide is common only to the California coastline. D Erosion in this area happens very rarely. Chapter G3

72. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Interpreting Graphics Use the figure on each slide to answer the question that appears on the slide. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter G3

73. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. In the illustration, what does A label? A wave direction B wave amplitude C wavelength D a longshore current Standardized Test Preparation Chapter G3

74. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Preparation 1. In the illustration, what does A label? A wave direction B wave amplitude C wavelength D a longshore current Chapter G3

75. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. In the illustration, what does B label? F wave direction G wave period H the movement of sand I a longshore current Standardized Test Preparation Chapter G3

76. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Preparation 2. In the illustration, what does B label? F wave direction G wave period H the movement of sand I a longshore current Chapter G3

77. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. What process created the landform in the illustration above? A erosion by waves B saltation C abrasion D deposition by waves Standardized Test Preparation Chapter G3

78. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Preparation 3. What process created the landform in the illustration above? A erosion by waves B saltation C abrasion D deposition by waves Chapter G3

79. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Math Read each question, and choose the best answer. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter G3

80. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. Wind erosion caused a deflation hollow that was circular in shape. The hollow is 100 m wide. What is the circumference of this deflation hollow? A 31.4 m B 62.8 m C 314 m D 628 m Standardized Test Preparation Chapter G3

81. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Preparation 1. Wind erosion caused a deflation hollow that was circular in shape. The hollow is 100 m wide. What is the circumference of this deflation hollow? A 31.4 m B 62.8 m C 314 m D 628 m Chapter G3

82. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. A homeowner needs to buy and plant 28 trees to prevent wind erosion. Each tree costs $29.99. What is a reasonable estimate for the total cost of these trees before tax? F a little more than $200 G a little less than $600 H a little less than $900 I a little more than $1,000 Standardized Test Preparation Chapter G3

83. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Preparation 2. A homeowner needs to buy and plant 28 trees to prevent wind erosion. Each tree costs $29.99. What is a reasonable estimate for the total cost of these trees before tax? F a little more than $200 G a little less than $600 H a little less than $900 I a little more than $1,000 Chapter G3

84. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Math Use the equation below to answer the questions that follow. Standardized Test Preparation number of waves per minute  wave period (s) 60 s Chapter G3

85. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. If the wave period is 15 s, how many waves occur in 1 min? A 4 B 60 C 75 D 240 Standardized Test Preparation number of waves per minute  wave period (s) 60 s Chapter G3

86. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. If the wave period is 15 s, how many waves occur in 1 min? A 4 B 60 C 75 D 240 Standardized Test Preparation number of waves per minute  wave period (s) 60 s Chapter G3

87. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 4. If the wave period is 30 s, how many waves occur in 1 min? F 1 G 2 H 3 I 5 Standardized Test Preparation number of waves per minute  wave period (s) 60 s Chapter G3

88. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 4. If the wave period is 30 s, how many waves occur in 1 min? F 1 G 2 H 3 I 5 Standardized Test Preparation number of waves per minute  wave period (s) 60 s Chapter G3

89. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 5. If 480 waves broke in 40 min, what is the wave period? A 5 s B 12 s C 15 s D 20 s Standardized Test Preparation number of waves per minute  wave period (s) 60 s Chapter G3

90. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 5. If 480 waves broke in 40 min, what is the wave period? A 5 s B 12 s C 15 s D 20 s Standardized Test Preparation number of waves per minute  wave period (s) 60 s Chapter G3

91. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Shoreline Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

92. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Wind Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

93. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Wind Erosion and Deposition Chapter G3

94. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Erosion and Deposition by Ice Chapter G3

95. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Preparation Chapter G3