1. Hybridization Aspartame Which are polar? : : : : : 12 - : :
Aspartame 4 : 1 3 - : + : 5 - 1
3 bonds, 1 lone pair
sp3 2
2 bonds, 2 lone pair
sp2 3
4 bonds, 0 lone pair
sp2 4
2 bonds, 2 lone pair
sp3 5
4 bonds, 0 lone pair
sp3
Which are polar?

2. Alkanes C H n 2n+2 all C are sp3 hybridized  bonds n root suffix
formula
3 prop ane C3H8
4 but ane C4H10
5 pent ane C5H12
6 hex ane C6H14
7 hept ane C7H16
8 oct ane C8H18
9 non ane C9H20
10 dec ane C10H22 1
meth
ane C H 4 2
eth
ane
C2H6

3. Alkanes n = 1-4 gases n = 5-15 liquids n > 15 solids compound m.w.
b.p.(Co) CH
C2H
C3H
C4H
C5H
n = gases
n = liquids
n > solids

4. Alkanes IMF = q1q2 n = 1-4 gases r n = 5-15 liquids n > 15 solids
____ r
n = liquids
n > solids
IMF =
a) ionic
b) dipole-dipole
c) H-bonding
d) LDF
d) LDF
q 
# electrons
instantaneous dipole moments - + + -

5. Alkanes IMF = q1q2 r 72 36.1 72 27.9 72 9.5 structural isomers
____
compound
m.w.
b.p. 72
36.1 72
27.9 72
9.5
structural isomers
same formula
different shape
r 
branching

7. Reactions of Alkanes combustion __ C3H8 + __ O2  5 __ CO2 + 3 __ H2O4
exothermic reaction
combustion with insufficient O2
__ C3H8 + __ O2  __ CO + __ H2O 3 4
7/2
improperly vented spaces and cigarettes

8. Reactions of Alkanes Substitution of halogens
Cl2  2Cl.
step 1
initiation
step 2
Cl.+ CH4  CH3. + HCl
propagation
step 3
CH3.+ Cl2  CH3Cl + Cl.
propagation
step 4
Cl.+ Cl.  Cl2
termination
get a mixture of chlorinated methanes

9. Halogenation of Alkanes
CH3Cl
chloro
methane
methyl chloride  
CH2Cl2 di
chloromethane
methylene chloride 
CHCl3
tri
chloromethane
chloroform 
CCl4
tetra
chloromethane
carbon tetrachloride
all liquids at room temperature
methane is gas
e- rich Cl increases LDF
dipole moments
Which are soluble in H2O?
polar solvent

10. Nomenclature 1. Pick longest C chain as parent
2. Number C beginning at end with first branch
3. Identify branching substituents
Assign each a number
4. Use commas to separate numbers
hyphens to separate numbers from names
5. Alphabetize substituents

11. Nomenclature Structural isomers of C5H12 I. III. II. I. pentane II. 2-4 1 3 2 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
II. 1 1 2 3 I.
pentane
II. 2-
methyl
butane
III.
2,2- di
methyl
propane

12. Nomenclature R = “alkyl” group 1o 3o primary carbon tertiary carbon 4o
secondary carbon
quaternary carbon

13. Nomenclature “common” names to learn: iso propyl alphabetized as i
sec-
butyl
alphabetized as b
iso
butyl
alphabetized as i
tert-
butyl
alphabetized as b