1. ENGLISH SYNTAX AND ARGUMENTATION Direct Object, Indirect Object and Adjunct 영어영문학부 1412030 신지현 1 2015 년 9 월 15 일 화요일

2. 2 Direct Object 직접 목적어 (39) His girlfriend bought this computer. S VDO (42) My sister found this book. S V DO NP Predicate >In the same way Subjects typically play an agentive role, Direct Objects have a Patient role. Semantic Properties (41) Our linguistics lecturer took this photograph. S V DONP (40) That silly fool broke the teapot. S VDO NP

3. 3 2015 년 9 월 15 일 화요일 Direct Object 직접 목적어 Syntactic characteristics 1) Like Subject, D.Os are often Noun Phrases. 2) Their usual position is after the main verb. (39) His girlfriend bought this computer. (40) That silly fool broke the teapot. (41) Our linguistics lecturer took this photograph. (42) My sister found this book.

4. 4 2015 년 9 월 15 일 화요일 Direct Object 직접 목적어 Syntactic characteristics (44) *His girlfriend bought. (45) *That silly fool broke. (46) *Our linguistics lecturer took. (47) *My sister found. (48) William blushed. (49) Sean cried. (50) Thomas slept. (51) Lee dreamt. (52) Garry jumped. (3) D.Os have a strong relationship with the verb that precedes them. (53) a. Harold moved the table. b. Harold moved. (54) a. Jake walked the dog. b. Jake walked. (54) a. Goneril was reading a book. b. Goneril was reading. (54) a. Pat was eating a sandwich. b. Pat was eating. >Transitive verb( 타동사 ), Intransitive verb( 자동사 ) >D.O here is understood or implicit (43) Our vicar likes fast cars.

5. 5 2015 년 9 월 15 일 화요일 Direct Object 직접 목적어 Syntactic characteristics (4) If you turn an active sentence into the passive sentence, the D.O of the active sentence becomes the Subject of the passive sentence. (57) a. His girlfriend bought this computer. b. This computer was bought by his girlfriend. (58) a. That silly fool broke the teapot. b. The teapot was broken by that silly fool. (59) a. Our linguistics lecturer took this photograph. b. This photograph was taken by my our linguistics lecturer. (60) a. My sister found this book. b. This book was found by my sister. >active sentence( 능동문 ), passive sentence( 수동문 )

6. 6 2015 년 9 월 15 일 화요일 Direct Object 직접 목적어 Exercise (1)We drank this bottle of coke. (2) My son found a wallet. (3) The inspectors checked the tickets. (4) This store sells only silk shirts. > Produce passive version of the following active sentences. This bottle of coke A wallet was found by my son. The tickets was checked by the inspectors. Only silk was sold by this store. was drunk by us. >Direct Objects function as Complements to verb.

7. 7 2015 년 9 월 15 일 화요일 Indirect Object 간접 목적어 (61) We gave the boys the CDs. (62) The publisher sent her a review copy of the book. SVIODO SVIODO >The typical role associated with Indirect Objects is Goal/Receiver or Beneficiary. Semantic Properties >Ditransitive verbs( 이중타동사 ) (63) She lent the student a diskette. SVIODO (64) My father always told us stories. SVIODO

8. 8 2015 년 9 월 15 일 화요일 Syntactic characteristics (1)They are usually None Phrases. (2) They cannot occur without a following Direct Object. Indirect Object 간접 목적어 (65) *We gave the boys. (66) *The publisher sent her. (67) *She lent the student. (68) *My father always told us (61) We gave the boys the CDs. (62) The publisher sent her a review copy of the book. (63) She lent the student a diskette. (64) My father always told us stories.

9. 9 2015 년 9 월 15 일 화요일 Syntactic characteristics Indirect Object 간접 목적어 (3) Indirect Objects always precede Direct Objects. (73) We gave the CDs to the boys. (74) The publisher sent a review copy of the book to her. (75) She lent a diskette to the student. (76) My father always told stories to us. (69) *We gave the CDs the boys. (70) *The publisher sent a review copy of the book her. (71) *She lent a diskette the student. (72) *My father always told stories us.

10. 10 2015 년 9 월 15 일 화요일 Syntactic characteristics Indirect Object 간접 목적어 >Direct objects have become the Subject in this case (81) The CDs were given to the boys by us. (82) A review copy of the book was sent to her by the publisher. (83) A diskette was lent to the student by her. (84) Stories were always told to us by our father. (4) Like D.Os, they can become the Subjects of passive sentences.

11. 11 2015 년 9 월 15 일 화요일 Syntactic characteristics Indirect Object 간접 목적어 (77) The boys were given the CDs by us. (78) She was sent a review copy of the book by the publisher. (79) The student was lent a diskette by her. (80) We were always told stories by our father. (4) Like D.Os, they can become the Subjects of passive sentences. (61) We gave the boys the CDs. (62) The publisher sent her a review copy of the book. (63) She lent the student a diskette. (64) My father always told us stories.

12. 12 2015 년 9 월 15 일 화요일 Adjunct 부가어 (85)The bus stopped suddenly. (86) Shakespeare wrote his plays a long time ago. >How did the bus stop? >When did Shakespeare write his play? >Adjuncts have the function of telling us about the how, when, where or why of the situations expressed by the respective sentences. Semantic Properties (87) He hates maths because he can’t understand it. (87) They went to the theatre in London. >Where did they go to the theatre? >Why does he hate maths?

13. 13 2015 년 9 월 15 일 화요일 Adjunct 부가어 1) Adjuncts are always optional, and express peripheral information. Syntactic characteristics 2) They can be ‘stacked’, which means that more than one of them can appear in a sentence. (89) Last year I saw this film several times.

14. 14 2015 년 9 월 15 일 화요일 Adjunct 부가어 Syntactic characteristics 3) Adjuncts are mobile. (90) Greedily Andre are all the biscuits. (91) Andre greedily are all the biscuits. (92) Andre ate all the biscuits greedily. (93) *Andre ate greedily all the biscuits. >The position between the main verb and DO is excluded.

15. 15 2015 년 9 월 15 일 화요일 Exercises 4. True or false? In the sentence ‘This summer all the students will have vacation jobs in their home town.’ (2) This summer is an Adjunct. (3) vacation jobs is an Indirect Object. (5) in their home towns function as Adjunct. (6) the Direct Object is vacation job. >This summer all the students will have vacation jobs in their home town. Adjunct Direct Object T F T T