1. Foster Reliable Data & Racial Profiling United States Congress in enacting the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994. Section 210402. Data on Use of Excessive Force. (a) The Attorney General shall, through appropriate means, acquire data about the use of excessive force by law enforcement officers. (b) Data acquired under this section shall be used only for research or statistical purposes and may not contain any information that may reveal the identity of the victim or any law enforcement officer. (c) The Attorney General shall publish an annual summary of the data acquired under this section. RELIABLE RACE DATA IN THE USA

2. 1) Gov’t Watchdog – charged with the responsibility for investigating and making recommendations concerning civil rights issues that face the nation 2) It brings tremendous pressure to bear through public hearings also has the mandate to hold public hearings 3) North Dakota, Missouri, Hawaii, Vermont Foster Reliable Data & Racial Profiling US Commission on Civil Rights

3. Benchmarking: Aggregate Measures of Disparity The collection of data can provide some aggregate estimates about the behavior of officers as well as the criminal behavior of certain population groups. 1.Census data 2.Observations of roadway usage 3.Official accident data 4.Assessments of traffic violating behavior 5.Citizen surveys, and 6.Internal departmental comparisons Foster Reliable Data & Racial Profiling

4. Post-Stop Analysis Racial Disparities in Searches Racial Disparities in Warnings and Citations Racial Disparities Arrests  Reason for Stop  Disposition or Outcome of the Stop.  Oral warning.  Written warning (where used).  Arrest made.  Arrest by warrant.  Criminal citation.  Traffic citation—hazardous.  Traffic citation—nonhazardous.  Courtesy service/citizen assist.  No action taken. Foster Reliable Data & Racial Profiling

5. Foster Reliable Data & Racial Profiling Data Auditing: Managing What is Measured Police Disengagement – Ghosting or Padding of the logs Hawthorne Effect – Research subjects changing behaviour – data reliability can be compromised. Basic Strategies: 1) Incentives [professional performance measure – promotion through the ranks] 2) Punitive measures [professional performance measure – reprimand, demotion] 3) Internal monitoring [as part of – new management models/ or progressive organizational change models]

6. Community-Police Partnerships  Community Engagement is a term that originated in the field of sociology and is typically defined as the process of working collaboratively with community groups to address issues that impact the “well-being” of those groups.  Community Engagement can bring groups into the conversation on good policing  The benefits of Community Engagement in literature are: 1) better decisions, 2) driving cultural change, 3) debunks myths, unearths real [on the ground] issues, & 4) provides value-added [engaging people more effectively with less resource outlay for police agencies] Foster Reliable Data & Racial Profiling