1. CJ II / INTERROGATION TECHNIQUES IN THE INVESTIGATION OF CRIME

2. Criminal Investigation
The three major aspects of criminal investigation are:
(1) to identify the criminal
(2) to locate and apprehend him/her
(3) to prove his/her guilt in the court

3. Difference between Interview and Interrogation
The difference between interview and interrogation is that an interview is conducted in a cordial atmosphere where a witness is more comfortable physically and psychologically.

4. Difference between Interview and Interrogation – cont.
On the other hand, whenever a person is questioned in an uncomfortable atmosphere (interrogation room) where he/she is under the psychological pressure, it is considered an interrogation.

5. Difference between Interview and Interrogation – cont.
The Interrogator, in this case, has more psychological advantage than his suspect.
Interrogation is a kind of psychological warfare between interrogator and suspect.
Only when an interrogator overpowers a suspect psychologically, he gets a confession or the facts of a case which is not possible otherwise.

6. Interrogation Interrogation is an art.
You can master it through your study and experience.
A good investigator is not necessarily a good interrogator.
To be a good interrogator you need to be a good actor and must have an insight of human psychology.

7. Interrogation – cont.
You should be able to act according to age, profession and intellect of the individual suspect.
A suspect could be a; lawyer, doctor, scientist, professor, manager or an unskilled laborer.
Also they could be a child, teenager, adult and/or senior in age.

8. Prerequisites of an Interrogation
Before conducting the interrogation, an interrogator should have the information about:
Suspect, Victim and Crime Scene info.
Suspect: (a) Name, age, profession, occupation (b) Social and financial situation (c) Criminal history (d) Relation with the victim if any

9. Prerequisites of an Interrogation - cont.
Victim: (a) Name, age, profession, occupation (b) Social and financial situation (c) Criminal history if any
Crime Scene: (a) Time and place of occurrence (b) Modus operandi – (the way somebody does something)
(c) Physical evidence collected (d) Information collected

10. Approach
Place of Interrogation: (a) At the spot when a suspect is apprehended at the scene of crime.
(b) In an interrogation room where the interrogator has more psychological advantage.

11. Approach – cont. Time of Interrogation:
- As soon as the suspect is apprehended and information collected.
Approach Suggestions:
You should always remember that a suspect is innocent and not a criminal unless his guilt is proved in court.
Don't ever use third degree method.
Maintain courtesy.
Be a good listener.
Control your anger, because in anger you loose reasoning ability. (Be a good actor)
Never be in hurry to finish the interrogation.

12. Methods of Interrogation
We can classify criminals into two major categories:
Emotional offender & non-emotional offender.
The purpose of classification is to vary your approach and methods during the interrogation of a suspect.

13. Interrogation of Emotional Offender
Interrogation of an emotional offender is much easier than non-emotional offender.
An emotional offender is usually a first time offender and can be broken down easily when played with his emotions:(Recommendations)
By showing sympathy towards him.
By telling him that anybody could do what he has done in the similar situation.
Blaming society for his action.

14. Interrogation of emotional offender-cont.
Being friendly with him and offering him coke or cigarettes - offender never expects this from a police officer.
Observe his physical reaction to the crime related and non-related questions. When someone is lying he will be under tension. He may be tapping his foot, playing with his fingers, looking blankly somewhere else.
Emotional offenders easily come clean when confronted by the evidence.

15. Interrogation of Non-Emotional offender
Non-emotional offenders are usually hardened criminals.
They are professionals who have gained experience committing series of crimes.
They don't like to talk much or at all.

16. Methods for Interrogation: of Non-Emotional offender
(Recommendations)
Question and Answer Method:
This is a common form of interrogation where an interrogator asks several questions to get the facts of a case.
He develops his questions based on the facts of the case and the answers given to him by the suspect.

17. Interrogation of non-emotional offender – cont.
Narrative Method:
Let the suspect tell his side of story without interruption.
Ask him to repeat it three or four times.
He will have to tell more and more lies just to cover up one lie.
The more he lies, the more you have a chance to detect untruthfulness of his story.
Verify his story and re-interrogate him.

18. Interrogation of non-emotional offender – cont.
Factual method:
The best way to interrogate a hardened and professional criminal is to confront him with the physical and circumstantial evidence.
This may eventually lead to his confession.

19. Interrogation of non-emotional offender – cont.
Overheard conversation method:
Whenever there is more than one offender this method works well.
Tell the offender that his associate has already confessed about the crime and now it is his turn to confess.

20. Interrogation of non-emotional offender – cont.
Hypothetical situation:
Ask a suspect that even though he has not done it, how would he have done it in the similar situation.
Some important clues could come out of this.

21. Interrogation of non-emotional offender – cont.
Sweet and Sour method:
Interrogation conducted by two different interrogators.
One being soft spoken and other being harsh towards the suspect.
(Good Cop / Bad Cop)

22. Interrogation of non-emotional offender – cont.
Bluff Method:
In this method an interrogator tells a suspect that he was seen by a witness while committing the crime or that his fingerprint, footprint or physical evidence have been found at the scene of the crime.

23. Interrogation of non-emotional offender – cont.
There is no hard and fast rule as to what method you apply to extract the facts or a confession.
Your experience will guide you to interrogate various kind of suspects.
Always keep in mind that a confession even in writing is nothing more than a piece of paper unless it is supported and/or corroborated by other physical or circumstantial evidence.

24. Alibi
Ask where he was and what he was doing at the time of occurrence of the crime.
Verify his alibi and re-interrogate him.

25. Detecting a lie
Polygraph and Computer Voice Stress Analyzers are being used to detect lies. The Polygraph measures changes in person's body associated with stress of deception - alterations in heart rate, breathing, emotional sweating,

26. Detecting a lie – cont.
Computerized Voice Stress Analyzer measures changes in voice frequency in the human voice that occur whenever someone is lying. The use of both of these tools are helpful to an investigator, however the results are not admissible in court due to the probability of evading and deception.

27. Summary (1) to identify the criminal
-The three major aspects of criminal investigation are:
(1) to identify the criminal
(2) to locate and apprehend him/her
(3) to prove his/her guilt in the court
-Difference between Interview and Interrogation
-Prerequisites of an Interrogation
-Suspect, Victim and Crime Scene info.
-Time and Approach Suggestions
-Emotional vs. Non-Emotional Offenders

28. Questions?
THE END!
Class Activity:
2 Truths & a Lie

29. 2 Truths & a Lie Brief Description:
Write down two truths about yourself and a lie.  Then introduce the three "facts" to the rest of the group who tries to guess which one is a lie.
Watch their facial expressions, body language and voice inflection in an effort to reveal which one is the possible lie.