1. Background Information

2. Standard: –9-10 SL2: Objective: –Obj. 1 Students will integrate multiple sources of information presented in diverse media formats by taking Cornell Notes regarding Charles Dickens’ and The French Revolution

3. Cornell Notes on Charles Dickens and The French Revolution

7. What do you think the “Essential Question” for the notes should be based upon the heading for the notes? Make sure you have created an essential question on your Cornell Notes

8. harles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812, the son of John and Elizabeth Dickens. John Dickens was a clerk in the Naval Pay Office. He had a poor head for finances, and in 1824 found himself imprisoned for debt. His wife and children, with the exception of Charles, who was put to work in a factory, joined him in the prison. When the family finances were put at least partly to rights and his father was released, the twelve-year-old Dickens, already scarred psychologically by the experience, was further wounded by his mother's insistence that he continue to work at the factory. Dickens’ Shortened Biography

9. His father, however, rescued him from that fate, and between 1824 and 1827 Dickens was a day pupil at a school in London. At fifteen, he found employment as an office boy at an attorney's, while he studied shorthand at night. His brief stint at the factory haunted him all of his life – he spoke of it only to his wife and to his closest friends – but the dark secret became a source both of creative energy and of the preoccupation with the themes of alienation and betrayal.

10. In 1829 he became a free-lance reporter at Doctor's Commons Courts In 1830 he met and fell in love with Maria Beadnell, the daughter of a banker. By 1832 he had become a very successful shorthand reporter of Parliamentary debates in the House of Commons, and began work as a reporter for a newspaper. In 1833 his relationship with Maria Beadnell ended, probably because her parents did not think him a good match. In the same year his first published story appeared, and was followed, very shortly thereafter, by a number of other stories and sketches. Later in his life both of his parents (and his brothers) were frequently after him for money.

11. The first installment of A Tale of Two Cities appeared in the opening number and continued weekly for several months. He suffered a stroke on June 8,1870 and died the next day. He was buried at Westminster Abbey on June 14 In 1835 he met and became engaged to Catherine Hogarth. Catherine and Charles married and had ten children together. Charles eventually met and fell in love with an actress. Later he divorced his wife In 1859 he began a weekly paper All the Year Round.

12. Create question #1 for information regarding Dickens’ life

13. His Social Conscience Dickens threw himself into causes such as improving education, and he frequently acted in plays He also traveled widely, often on reading tours that brought him wealth and created a special bond between himself and his readers

14. He exercised his social conscience He crusaded for children’s rights. He was an advocate of child labor laws to protect children. He opposed cruelty, deprivation, and corporal punishment of children. He believed in and lobbied for just treatment of criminals.

16. France was an absolute monarchy. Louis XIV (1643 – 1715) was the envy of all other rulers in Europe. During his reign he had centralized the government and had encouraged trade and manufacture. His undoing was the long list of over ambitious wars that he had participated in.

17. His successors Louis XV (1715 – 74) and Louis XVI (1774 – 93) also participated in lengthy and costly conflicts. As well as spending extravagantly on the Palace of Versailles

18. France had suffered defeat in the Seven Years War against Britain (1756 – 63). Her army in Europe was crushed by the Prussians. Despite being in debt, France gave millions in aid to the American Revolution. The involvement in the American Revolution was for revenge against Britain after the Seven Years War.

19. American Revolutionary Ideas--The cost of support to America was not just associated with money. Already in France a new school of thought was developing amongst the Bourgeoisie. This was further aided by the transmission of Revolutionary thoughts from America back into France. Many French Troops (mainly the Bourgeoisie) came back encouraged by the revolution to introduce a revolution in France.

20. A fatal weakness in the French absolute monarchy system, was its inability to produce strong monarchs. Louise XVI was not strong. The Character of King Louis XVI --He preferred personal interests to court interests. -- It was well known that Louis was more concerned with his own personal interests than in the interests of the State and Court. Often this bored him and he left his work up to his advisers and ministers. Or even worse he would make hasty decisions that would cause even worse consequences in France.

21. Marie Antoinette held great power over Louis. Often she stood in the way of his proposed reforms by talking him out of it. She was also hated by a lot of the population due to her foreign birth. She frequently talked Louis into spending extravagant amounts on the court and her.

22. The nobles wanted power that was taken from them by the monarchy The bourgeoisie resented the privileges of the nobles The Bourgeoisie and the Peasants criticized the tax system On the eve of revolution all sections of French society had reason to be unhappy :

23. The population was divided into three states, two privileged The Third Estate was made up of the bourgeoisie, wage earners and the peasantry. They were the majority of the population. The Third Estate was also known as the estate of the commoners.

24. The Second Estate was for the nobility. They numbered 400,000 with most of them being of minor rank. The First Estate comprised the clergy. The Upper Clergy were very wealthy and powerful and therefore they related to the First Estate. The Lower Clergy related more to the Lower Estates. The First Estate numbered around 100,000.

25. The storming of the bastilles was carried out by the peasants it signified the first use of violence to achieve Revolutionary aims Several violent attacks followed resulting in many of the Aristocrats becoming émigrés. The Peasants gained from this loot and sometimes the land of the fleeing Aristocrats.

26. The King was brought to trial in December of 1792. He was executed on January 21, 1793. Marie Antoinette was executed shortly after her husband. Legend claims that she showed up to her execution in Peasant clothing to show her sympathy for the commoners.

27. The Committee of Public Safety and the Revolutionary Tribunal were instituted immediately after the execution of the King. The Reign of Terror, during which the ruling faction ruthlessly exterminated all potential enemies, of whatever sex, age, or condition, began in September of 1793 and lasted until the fall of Robespierre on July 27, 1794 During the last six weeks of the Terror alone (the period known as the "Red Terror") nearly fourteen hundred people were guillotined in Paris alone. The Convention was replaced in October of 1795 with the Directory, which was replaced in turn, in 1799, by the Consulate. Napoleon Bonaparte became Emperor in May of 1804.

28. Nobility

29. Bourgeoisie

31. Peasants

32. Clergy

33. Create question #2 for information regarding The French Revolution

34. London and the Times

35. Success as a Novelist Nickolas Nickleby1839 Oliver Twist 1839 The Old Curiosity Shop 1841 Barnaby Rudge 1841 Martin Chuzzlewitt 1843 Dombey and Son 1849 David Copperfield 1850 Bleak House 1853 Hard Times 1854 Little Dorritt 1857 A Tale of Two Cities 1859 Great Expectations 1861

36. Major Themes in Dickens’ fiction People are responsible for helping those less fortunate than themselves Money is no guarantee for happiness Love is a positive and potent force Lack of exposure to love can develop into an inability to love Humans are capable of deluding themselves; they see what they want to see People need to be loved and accepted at a young age Friendship is an important support in life

37. Most Successful Work A Christmas Carol 1843 Enduring holiday favorite Amusing elements of supernatural, melodrama, humor, and pathos Extremely optimistic tale of redemption for Ebeneezer Scrooge, archetypal miser He protested a greedy, uncaring, materialistic society through such works as A Christmas Carol, which Dickens called “a sledgehammer” he used figuratively to wake up the reading public Remains a sentimental classic

38. Dickens and Christmas The first Christmas Card, Tree and Holiday Traditions

39. His Literature Dicken’s early novels, such as Oliver Twist, were filled with comic characters, gruesome villains, and chatty, rambling narrators The novels of his middle and late periods are much darker visions of Victorian society and attack specific social problems