1. WHAT MAKES US HUMAN?

2.  Read for understanding:  It is tempting to take notes as you are reading the first time, but this is not an efficient technique: you are likely to take down too much information and simply copy without understanding  Look for main ideas, key terms, people, or places  Paraphrase this information: Putting the textbook information in your own words forces you to become actively involved with the material  Review and compare

3.  Australopithecus  Earliest hominids  Southern/Eastern Africa  Homo erectus  Emerged 1.5 million years ago  First complex tool maker  Homo sapiens  Neanderthals (What happened to them?)  Early homo sapiens (aka Cro- Magnons)  Modern Homo sapiens (all people today)  By 10,000 B.C.E. found everywhere Five fossilized human skulls show how the shape of the early human face evolved: (left to right) Australopithecus africanus, 2.5 million years old; H*** rudolfensis, 1.9 million years old; H*** erectus, 1 million years old; H*** heidelbergensis, 350,000 years old; H*** sapiens, 4,800 years old

5. PUSH FACTORSPULL FACTORS  Lack of resources  Change in climate  Conflict with other hominids  Too many hominids in social group  Factors can be voluntary or involuntary  More game or food available  Better weather

6.  http://youtu.be/9JvNwEMXLD8 http://youtu.be/9JvNwEMXLD8

7.  Bipedalism (walking upright on two legs)  Opposable Thumb  Large Brains  5 point molars  Tools  Culture

9.  Earliest tools/weapons were made of stone, bone, wood  Stone arrowheads  Stone axes  Bone needles  Bone fishing hooks  Clubs and spears

10. POSITIVENEGATIVE  Allowed humans to cut wood, hides, and bone  Led to better clothing, shelter, and food  Helped protect humans from other animals  Fishing, sewing, hunting  Reduction of animal populations  Extinction of some animals  Weapons that will kill animals can also kill other people

11.  WHY and WEAR?  No evidence of clothing until Paleolithic Age (Stone Age)  May have developed as humans moved northward (cause & effect)  First clothes were furs, hides, plant material that was tied or draped around the body

15.  Early humans made makeshift shelters from plants or wood  Often they lived in large caves

16.  Hunting (spears and arrows)  Fishing (spears and bone hooks)  Gathering (edible plants and nuts)

18.  If you’d like to see what you might look like as an early human, there is a downloadable app called Meanderthal from the Smithsonian Institute!