1. Chapter 5 5.1 INTRODUCTION Data Types and Arithmetic Calculations.

2. 5.2 BASIC ARITHMETIC OPERATORS Unary arithmetic operators require one operand. Unary plus +, unary minus -, increment operator ++, decrement operator --.

3. Binary arithmetic operators require two operands. The computer computes an integer value for an expression in which all operands are integer.

4. 5.3 INCREMENT AND DECREMENT OPERATORS ++ and --, count ++; ++ count; count --; -- count;

5. count=3 print f (“%d”, count ++); This statements print 3. print f (“%d”, ++ count); statements print 4.

6. 5.4 COMPOUND ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS += -= *= /= %= count += first; count = count + first They are equivalent.

7. 5.5 TYPE OF ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS Example 5.8 double first = 4.7, int third = 27, First + third; Computes to 31.7, third is converted to a floating-point value

8. Example 5.10 Third = first + third; A value of 31.7 is computed. However, because the variable third is of type int, The value of the assignment is 31.

9. Example 5.11 X = a / 3 + b; (a / 3) is evaluated first. Result is 2. The value computed for the expression is 14.5,

10. Explicit Type Conversions: The Cast Operator and Casting The remainder operator requires integer operands. Cast operator changes only the type of its value in temporary storage. No_of fifties = (int) amount /50; Remnant = ((int) (amount * 100) % 5000) / 100.0;

11. 5.6 MATHEMATICAL LIBRARY FUNCTIONS Floating-point type mathematical function declarations need the directive. Integer type mathematical functions require The pair of parentheses, (), is known as the function call operator. #include. #include

12. Ceil (x) Floor (x) Abs (x) Fabs (x) Sqrt (x) Pow (x, y)

13. Sin (x) Tan (x) Exp (x) Log (x) Log 10 (x) Figure 5.1 Some important mathematical library functions

14. 5.7 EXAMPLE PROGRAM 1: A C Program that Solves Quadratic Equations Requirements Specification: Analysis: ax*x + bx+c=0 root1= root2=

15. Integer Data Types Int : the range of –32768 through 32767 Long integer : the range of -2,147,483,648 through 2,147,483,647. Float : 1.175494e-38 to 3.402823e+38, Long double: 2.22507e-308 to 1.79769e+308

16. 5.10 ARITHMETIC ERRORS AND INAACCURACIES Important arithmetic errors 1. Division by zero 2. Arithmetic overflow 3. Arithmetic underflow

17. 5.11 AUTOMATIC CONVERSION OF NUMERIC DATA TYPES Arithmetic Conversions The “shorter” type is converted to the “longer” type.

18. 5.12 C FEATURES FOR RANDOM NUMBER GENERATION A random number generator is an algorithm that generates a sequence of numbers in a given range with no repeating cycles. The first random number depends on an initial value, called the seed.

19. Rand and srand functions are in the stdlib.h header file. Rand returns a uniform pseudorandom number in the range zero through RAND_MAX. RAND_MAX is also found in the header file stdlib.h.

20. Every time execute program in the same environment get the same result because the function rand is a pseudorandom number generator. Srand function is to provide a seed for the next generation of a pseudorandom number. Time (0) is the current time.

21. #include

22. int main (void) { int I = 1; unsigned int seed; seed = time (0); srand (seed); while (i <= 5) { print f (“Throw #%d: %d\n”, I, (rand() $ 6+1)); I++; } /* end while */ return 0; } /* end function main */