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The Roaring Twenties and The Great Depression 1920 – 1941 Known by names such as – the Jazz Age, – the Age of Intolerance, – the Age of Wonderful Nonsense,

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Presentation on theme: "The Roaring Twenties and The Great Depression 1920 – 1941 Known by names such as – the Jazz Age, – the Age of Intolerance, – the Age of Wonderful Nonsense,"— Presentation transcript:

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2 The Roaring Twenties and The Great Depression

3 1920 – 1941 Known by names such as – the Jazz Age, – the Age of Intolerance, – the Age of Wonderful Nonsense, – the age that embodies the beginning of Modern America, – An era of prosperity, republican power, conflict, and/or transition, – Roaring 20’s Great times! From the suburbs back to the city Postwar Social Change

4 Rapid change in American society Cities helped form a more complex urban structure Led to a social revolution due to disillusionment after a brutal world war; questioning fundamental values – development of the cinema as a medium of entertainment – popularity of jazz – increased mobility brought about by the mass produced automobile Society

5 Crash Course – Roaring 20s

6 Rebellious flapper image somewhat due to experiences at home during WWI And then the men returned. women did not want to sacrifice wartime gains - amounted to a social revolt more women began to go to college The New Woman

7 Embodied resilience Fascination with the dream of success and independence Some women adopted the new fashions because they were quicker and convenient for professional work Nine million women were employed and earned money on their own, many younger women used their money to enjoy themselves The New Woman

8 Apparent loosening of American sexual mores Sex seen as fun and discussed with frankness Sexual content in magazines, movies and songs The sexual revolution in literature – Triumph of romantic love Changing feminist goals Escalating American divorce rate The New Woman

9 Hair – “bobbed” Cloche hats Short hems Short hair Heavy makeup Fashion

10 With the Flapper's focus on dieting and her looks came a significant change in the dietary habits of Americans as a whole — less fat and meat, and more fruits and vegetables discovery of vitamins and their effects However, contradictory habits like cigarette consumption, rose roughly by 43 billion annually, and bootleg liquor became a $3.5 billion-a-year business Diet

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12 The 19th Amendment(1920) gave women the right to vote. Women were able to drink and smoke in public. The liberated young women were called" flappers" The role of women changed – their behavior, looks, and aims connected to the 20 th century speed. Jeanette Rankin – first woman elected to Congress (1916) – served throughout the 1920s Changing Role of Women

13 Even after gaining the right to vote and higher level education: – Denied jobs by hospitals, legal firms, and various leadership positions – Required to quit if married or become pregnant Some women also not interested in voting or change. Some people not interested in this new society, consumerism and extravagance…they want out. Some Things Never Change…

14 The Lost Generation The lost generation was a term coined by Gertrude Stein to describe young American artists (mostly writers) who rejected American ideals in the 1920s and moved to Paris to live the bohemian lifestyle (party it up, live for today, because there may be no tomorrow). Back Page! Back Page! Back Page! Back Page! Back Page! Back Page! Back Page!!!!!!!

15 The Lost Generation felt betrayed by their leaders, their culture, and their institutions. They asked themselves “How could all this death and destruction have been allowed to happen?” They felt helpless, and lost. They despaired for the future. Where once they had trusted, now they did not. It appeared that Good had lost the battle against Evil. Back Page!

16 They were part of a world that was moving faster than they were ready for. They were stuck in there way and were not ready for the change that rapidly approached them. They wanted people to be more intellectual instead of worrying about what new clothing item etc. is coming out. Believed money wasn’t important —Clothing didn’t matter —Learning was important —Gain as much knowledge as possible

17 Who is F. Scott Fitzgerald? Born in 1896, in St. Paul, Minnesota. He attended Princeton University. 1917 joined the army. Met his wife Zelda. Published The Great Gatsby at 23 in 1925. Regarded as the speaker of the Jazz Age. Drinking and wife’s schizophrenia Died in 1940. Back Page!

18 F. Scott Fitzgerald The two moved frequently and lived in several places including: France, Alabama, Baltimore and Asheville, North Caroline. Many of these places are where Zelda would receive treatments for her mental disorders By 1931 Fitzgerald’s writing was an off and on practice because he was trying to take care of his ailing wife and his alchololism By 1936 the marriage was virtually over and Zelda moved permanently to Highland Hospital Back Page!

19 F. Scott Fitzgerald In 1937 Fitzgerald tries his hand in Hollywood where he signed with MGM Studios and works until late 1938 Fitzgerald believed himself to be a failure He became more notably recognized post-humously His 1924 work, The Great Gatsby has secured him a place in American History being called the example that “defines the classic American novel” Back Page!

20 Great Gatsby Excerpt from The Great Gatsby (1925) By F. Scott Fitzgerald – “They were careless people, Tom and Daisy–they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness or whatever it was that kept them together, and let other people clean up the mess they had made...I shook hands with him; it seemed silly not to, for I felt suddenly as though I were talking to a child. Then he went into the jewelry store to buy a pearl necklace–or perhaps only a pair of cuff buttons–rid of my provincial squeamishness forever.” Back Page!

21 The Great Gatsby Setting: The Summer of 1922 on Long Island and in New York City THEMES: – The idea of the American Dream – The spirit revolving around the 1920’s – Social classes – The idea of symbols – Past, present and future Back Page!

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23 The Great Gatsby The book was written in the 20s and is a book about the 20s: the novel comments on the almost blind happiness that led to the moral decadence of the period: – Wild, extravagant parties and the shallowness and the aimlessness of the individual. – Fitzgerald stresses the need for hope and dreams to give meaning and purpose to man’s efforts. But hopes and dreams have to fail because ideals standing behind both are mainly too fantastic to be realized. Back Page!

24 In The Great Gatsby Jordan Baker is such a new type of woman. She is living alone and has equal relationships to men. She is self- confident in dealing with others. Tom comments on her new freedom as a woman. Women in Literature

25 famous authors included: -F. Scott Fitzgerald – The Great Gatsby -Sinclair Lewis – Main Street -Ernest Hemingway – A Farewell to Arms -T.S. Eliot- The Waste Land (1922) Enrollments and attendance up in all levels of education New findings in physics shook the faith in human reason The significance of Albert Einstein’s theories Limits of Human Knowledge established Literature

26 Movie Questionnaire 1.Why are we still reading a book written in the 1920’s? What gives a book its longevity? 2.How was the 1920’s a reaction to WWI? 3.Some people think that having money leads to happiness. Do you agree? Why or why not? What are the advantages or disadvantages of being wealthy. 4.What is the "American Dream"? Where did it originate, and how has it changed over the centuries? 5.Have you ever wanted to relive a moment from your past, to redo it? Describe the situation. How and why would you change the past?

27 Entertainment Social crazes such as dances like the Charleston, dance marathons, flagpole sitting and flying stunts erupted. Shorter working hours and higher wages gave Americans more spare time and more money for entertainment Radio – first radio station in Pittsburgh, PA in Nov. 1920 – only news at first – baseball and music broadcasted later

28 Moving Picture Shows (“movies”) – all movies were silent films at first (had music but no talking) -Charlie Chaplin was the most famous silent film star -first “talking” movie was The Jazz Singer (1927) Entertainment

29 What else took off in the twenties? Bandaids Wonder bread Wheaties Kleenex Lay-z Boy Loungers Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade Velveeta Fast Food Gerber Baby Food Billboards Advertising

30 Rebellious flappers led to American heroes as people wanted to see wholesome images. Examples of values, bravery, modesty Mass media helped propel the idea of celebrities as Celebrities

31 Charles Lindbergh nicknamed “Lucky Lindy” or the “Lone Eagle” -the first to fly solo, non-stop across the Atlantic -flew from NYC to Paris 1927 -no parachute, no radio, no heat, no sleep -name of the airplane was “Spirit of St. Louis” -son was kidnapped and killed in the early 1930s (great mystery)

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33 the 1 st woman to fly across the Atlantic without stopping (1932) – disappeared while trying to fly around the world Amelia Earhart

34 Sports – the 1920s is often called the “Golden Age of Sports” – radio made sports more popular – baseball became “America’s Favorite Pastime” – famous athletes included: Babe Ruth -most famous baseball player of the 20s -played most of his career with the NY Yankees

35 Jack Dempsey – famous heavyweight boxer Gertrude Ederle - 1 st woman to swim across the 35 mile wide English Channel -her time beat the men’s record by nearly 2 hours

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37 18 th Amendment-Ratified on January 16, 1919 This made illegal: the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes. The Volstead Act of 1919 defined alcohol as any drink having an alcoholic content above 0.5 percent.

38 18 th Amendment (1919) – prohibited the making, selling, or transportation of alcohol Volstead Act – law passed by Congress to enforce prohibition – ignored by most of the cities on the east coast Prohibition

39 Its goal, in theory, was to reduce crime, poverty, the prison systems, death and disease rate, corruption, and other social problems Many believe it was to exert superiority over minorities, a reaction to the overwhelming immigration of the first part of the century.

40 Reasoning Temperance groups – Anti Saloon Groups – Hated Germans Immigrants/Rural People WWI – Patriotism

41 “Drys” vs. “Wets” FOR PROHIBITION; AGAINST DRINKING Improved individuals Strengthened families Created better Society Stopped diseases Child/Wife abuse Crime Accidents on the Job Other serious social problems AGAINST PROHIBITION; FOR DRINKING Did not stop Americans drinking Turned law abiding citizens into criminals Created illegal networks Violence Corruption etc..

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45 Effects 1.Speakeasies 2.Moonshine 3.Organized Crime 4.Political Corruption YOU MAY PUT THIS ON A BACK PAGE IF NEEDED!

46 Speakeasies Speakeasy – secret club or bar – usually in a basement – needed a password to get in Speakeasies united citizens of various ethnic backgrounds when nothing else could.

47 Moonshine Spirit made secretly in home made stills Several hundred people a year died from this during the 1920s In 1929 it is estimated that 700 million gallons of beer were produced in American homes

48 Organized Crime Racketeering – THE BUSINESS Racketeers/ Gangsters/Bootleggers – THE PERSON Owned illegal businesses owned Speakeasies / Distilleries Bribed: Police/ Judges / Politicians Controlled areas in Cities YOU MAY PUT THIS ON A BACK PAGE IF NEEDED!

49 Al Capone nicknamed “Scarface” had a talent for avoiding jail by buying off policemen, city officials, and politicians made up to $60 million a year from bootlegging convicted of tax evasion in 1931 and sent to prison released in 1939 after becoming ill with syphilis – died in 1947

50 Al Capone Beer Wars

51 BUGGS MORAN Controlled North Side of Chicago

52 ST VALENTINES DAY MASSACRE

53 AL CAPONE v. BUGGS MORAN Bootleg Rivalry Delivery: Warehouse 2122 N. Clark St. 7 Moran Men Waited Al Capone’s men arrived dressed as police Moran’s men all killed

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55 Success of Prohibition? – consumption of alcohol decreased – arrest for drunkenness decreased Why did Prohibition eventually fail? – Not enforced – some police depts. were corrupt, just didn’t care, or were scared of the gangsters – Most people didn’t take prohibition seriously – drank anyway – By mid-1920s, only 19% of Americans supported prohibition – Law was repealed in 1933 with the 21 st Amendment – result of Great Depression (jobs and taxes)

56 Prohibition – Era in American society where Alcohol is illegal 18 th Amendment – Prohibited the manufacture, sale or transportation of alcoholic beverages. Volstead Act – Congressional act that defined an “intoxicating drink” as more than.5% alcohol Speakeasies – Hidden saloons where alcohol was sold illegally Bootleggers – Alcohol smugglers, carried liquor in the legs of their boots Moonshine – Illegal liquor made at night (hooch, bathtub gin, etc…) Racketeering – Organized crime networks

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58 The Roaring Twenties and The Great Depression

59 The 20’s is The Jazz Age Musicians Louis Armstrong Duke Ellington

60 Racial Tensions “Reactionary” - the war had been won but nothing worth winning had been gained, because idealism had been used-up, that caused uneasy feelings and a general disillusionment among the people which caused nervousness. This leads to de jure and de facto racism, intolerance, violence, the Ku Klux Klan, political intolerance, and social protest/ strikes. YOU MAY PUT THIS ON THE BACK OF PAGE 3! PAGE 3! PAGE 3!

61 Great Migration Blacks moved north to take advantage of booming wartime industry Great Migration) Black ghettoes began to form, i.e. Harlem and Chicago. Within these ghettoes a distinct Black culture flourished But both blacks and whites wanted cultural interchange restricted. PAGE 3! PAGE 3! PAGE 3!

62 The South --Langston Hughes The lazy, laughing South With blood on its mouth. The sunny-faced South, Beast-strong, Idiot-brained. The child-minded South Scratching in the dead fire's ashes For a Negro's bones. Cotton and the moon, Warmth, earth, warmth, The sky, the sun, the stars, The magnolia-scented South. Beautiful, like a woman, Seductive as a dark-eyed whore, Passionate, cruel, Honey-lipped, syphilitic— That is the South. And I, who am black, would love her But she spits in my face. And I, who am black, Would give her many rare gifts But she turns her back upon me. So now I seek the North— The cold-faced North, For she, they say, Is a kinder mistress, And in her house my children May escape the spell of the South.

63 “In the last decade, something... has happened in the life of the American Negro... [T]he younger generation is vibrant with a new psychology; the new spirit is awake in the masses... [F]or generations in the mind of America, the Negro has been more of a formula than a human being a something to be argued about, condemned or defended, to be “kept down,” or “in his place,” or “helped up,” to be worried with or worried over, harassed or patronized, a social bogey or a social burden... [T]he mind of the Negro seems suddenly... to be shaking off the psychology of imitation and implied inferiority. By shedding the old cocoon... we are achieving something like a spiritual emancipation... With this renewed self-respect and self-dependence, the life of the Negro community is bound to enter a new dynamic phase... “ --Alain Locke, “Enter the New Negro” (1925) Evolution of black American thought 1895-1925

64 The New Negro New Negroes were African Americans who often demanded their legal rights as citizens but almost always wanted to create new images that would challenge old stereotypes. The New Negro stressed – cultural awareness – self-confidence – assertiveness – self defense. PAGE 3! PAGE 3! PAGE 3!

65 THE NEW NEGRO Unconventional Assertive Liberated Educated Outlandish Self-centered Fun-loving Independent Risk Takers

66 The New Negro Would be a descendant from a generation whose parents or grandparents had witnessed slavery and Reconstruction Lived in a country governed by Jim Crow laws.

67 The “Harlem Renaissance” and the “New Negro” The Harlem Renaissance Poetry Art Music “Negro Nationalism” of Marcus Garvey United Negro Improvement Association (1916) Failure of an Anti-Lynching bill in Congress Key Black Political victories Legal strategy takes shape

68 Jazz Age A uniquely American music form, with roots in African expression, came to be known as jazz Greats such as Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington and Fletcher Henderson George Gershwin, Cole Porter and others would bring jazz influences to Broadway and the concert hall. Bessie Smith hallowed the Blues on a sound recordings. first movie made with sound, The Jazz Singer, starring Al Jolson PAGE 3! PAGE 3! PAGE 3!

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70 Duke Ellington Ellington was a jazz composer, conductor, and performer during the Harlem Renaissance. During the formative Cotton Club years, he experimented with and developed the style that would quickly bring him worldwide success. Ellington would be among the first to focus on musical form and composition in jazz. Ellington wrote over 2000 pieces in his lifetime.

71 Bessie Smith Bessie Smith was a famous jazz and blues singer during the Harlem Renaissance. Smith recorded with many of the great Jazz musicians of the 1920s, including Louis Armstrong. Smith was popular with both blacks and whites

72 Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance was a flowering/growth of African American social thought which was expressed through – Paintings – Music – Dance – Theater – Literature Centered in the Harlem district of New York City, the New Negro Movement (as it was called at the time) had a major influence across the Unites States and even the world. PAGE 3! PAGE 3! PAGE 3!

73 How does the Harlem Renaissance connect to the Great Migration? The economic opportunities of the era triggered a widespread migration of black Americans from the rural south to the industrial centers of the north - and especially to New York City. In New York and other cities, black Americans explored new opportunities for intellectual and social freedom. Black American artists, writers, and musicians began to use their talents to work for civil rights and obtain equality.

74 Where is Harlem? The island of Manhattan New York City is on Manhattan island Neighborhoods

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76 Langston Hughes Hughes is known for his insightful, colorful, realistic portrayals of black life in America. He wrote poetry, short stories, novels, and plays, and is known for his involvement with the world of jazz and the influence it had on his writing. His life and work were enormously important in shaping the artistic contributions of the Harlem Renaissance in the 1920s. He wanted to tell the stories of his people in ways that reflected their actual culture, including both their suffering and their love of music, laughter, and language itself. PAGE 3! PAGE 3! PAGE 3!

77 HARLEM MOVEMENT Southern gentle lady, Do not swoon. They've just hung a black man In the dark of the moon. They've hung a black man To the roadside tree In the dark of the moon For the world to see How Dixie protects Its white womanhood Southern gentle lady, Be good! Be good! Silhouette by Langston Hughes

78 Zora Neale Hurston Zora Neale Hurston was born in Eatonville, Florida in 1891. She lived in an all African- American community for her childhood years. She wrote several novels and short stories. Her life’s motto was “Jump at the sun!” given to her by her mother. Her writing helped shape future female African-American writers’ approach to authorship and development of identity. She was a writer, anthropologist and political activist.

79 Their Eyes Were Watching God Their Eyes Were Watching God is considered the last text of the Harlem Renaissance. Her portrayal of an African-American female able to define herself outside of social conventions and stereotypes has provided a model for modern African Americans seeking their identities in unconventional roles. Their Eyes Were Watching God is considered the first modern feminist text by an African- American. Written in 1937, it marked the end of the Harlem Renaissance.

80 Collab Assignment But I am not tragically colored. There is no great sorrow damned up in my soul, nor lurking behind my eyes. I do not mind at all. I do not belong to the sobbing school of Negrohood who hold that nature somehow has given them a lowdown dirty deal and whose feelings are hurt about it.... No, I do not weep at the world—I am too busy sharpening my oyster knife. --“How It Feels to Be Colored Me” Attempt to complete the packet with a partner. Answer each set of focus questions on the border of the page. Lines are provided. Be sure to write in the vocab words as you go. Write in any other notes.

81 Most of my work depicts events from the many Harlems that exist throughout the United States. This is my genre. My surroundings. The people I know... the happiness, tragedies, and the sorrows of mankind... I am part of the Black community, so I am the Black community speaking.” --Jacob Lawrence

82 Lawrence’s Work Jacob Lawrence painted his Great Migration series during the 1940s to capture the experience of African Americans during the 1920s

83 “Ascent from Ethiopia”, Louis Mailou Jones. 1932 Study the picture for 2 minutes. Form an overall impression of the painting, then start to focus on individual details. Questions to think about: 1. What do you see? 2. What people do you see? 3. What objects do you see? 4. What colors do you see? 5. What actions/activities do you see? 6. What questions does this painting raise in your mind? 7. How does this painting relate to the Harlem Renaissance? 8. Based on what you have observed, list what you may infer from this painting.

84 How did it impact history? The Harlem Renaissance helped to redefine how Americans and the world understood African American culture. It integrated black and white cultures, and marked the beginning of a black urban society. The Harlem Renaissance set the stage for the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 60s.

85 Responses to the New Negro – Page 4 Reactionary Responses such as: KKK, southern racists, Marcus Garvey…

86 The Ku Klux Klan

87 The Ku Klux Klan grew dramatically in the 1920s, and many of its members were people from rural America who saw their status declining. – Members of the Klan continued to use violence, targeting African Americans, Catholics, Jews, and all immigrants. – In the 1920s, the Klan focused on influencing politics. They were anti-bootleggers, anti women’s suffrage, anti-black, immigrant, Semitic, and anti-catholic. – The Klan’s membership was mostly in the South but spread nationwide. – The Klan’s peak membership was in the millions, many from Indiana, Illinois, and Ohio. – Membership declined in the late 1920s because of a series of scandals affecting Klan leaders.

88 They blasted bootleggers, motion pictures and espoused a return to "clean" living. Appealing to folks uncomfortable with the shifting nature of America from a rural (farms) agricultural society to an urban industrial nation (factories), the Klan attacked the elite, urbanites and intellectuals. Their message struck a cord, and membership in the Klan ballooned in the 1920s as high as eight million Klansmen. And membership was not limited to the poor and uneducated on society's fringes. Mainstream, middle-class Americans donned the white robes of the Klan too. Doctors, lawyers and ministers became loyal supporters of the KKK.

89 de Jure (formal) v. de Facto (social) Black Americans in this period continued to live in poverty in Southern areas. Sharecropping kept them in pseudo-slavery 1915 - boll weevil wiped out the cotton crop White landowners went bankrupt & forced blacks off their land

90 de Jure: - means segregation concerning the law. De jure segregation prevented black citizens from attaining anything like economic independence, creating a repetition of the conditions of slavery. This principle, known as separate but equal, became the foundation for de jure segregation across the country. de Facto - meaning 'in practice,' and it was expressed through the social customs and expectations enforced by the white authorities Like the practice of compelling African Americans to surrender their seats on city buses when white passengers needed a seat, sometimes violently.

91 Marcus Garvey and Negro Nationalism – deep devotion Marcus Garvey (Jamaican born immigrant) established the Universal Negro Improvement Association Believed in Black pride and advocated racial segregation Believed in Black Superiority or Supremacy much like the KKK without violence Garvey believed Blacks should return to Africa He purchased a ship to start the Black Star line Attracted many investments but eventually gov't charged him with w/fraud He was found guilty and eventually deported to Jamaica, but his organization continued to exist

92 “The Future as I See It,” Marcus Garvey, 1923 “Black men, you were once great; you shall be great again. Lose not courage, lose not faith, go forward. The thing to do is to get organized; keep separated and you will be exploited, you will be robbed, you will be killed. Get organized, and you will compel the world to respect you. If the world fails to give you consideration, because you are black men, because you are Negroes, four hundred millions of you shall, through organization, shake the pillars of the universe and bring down creation, even as Samson brought down the temple upon his head and upon the heads of the Philistines.”

93 The Roaring Twenties and The Great Depression

94 Religion Scopes / “Monkey” Trial The state of TN passed a law in 1925 that made it illegal to teach evolution (Charles Darwin theory) in public schools because it denied the biblical story of Creationism. John Scopes, a teacher from Dayton, TN, was chosen by the ACLU to challenge the law because church and state should be separate according to the law.

95 Scopes was convicted and fined $100, but Darrow never got a chance to appeal because the conviction was overturned due to a technical violation by the judge. The Tennessee law remained in place until the 1960s proving that religion played a part in government.

96 Politics – A Republican Decade Warren G. Harding, Elected president in 1920 – Did not want to be president; forced by his wife Overall, Harding's policies reflected a conservative, laissez-faire attitude. Shuts off immigration from southern and eastern Europe Harding dies of a stroke in 1921. Harding’s administration was riddled with numerous scandals; the most notorious of which was the Teapot Dome Scandal

97 Teapot Dome Scandal Albert Fall (Sec of Interior) gave away oil- drilling rights on government land in return for $300,000 in cash and gifts. Teapot Dome scandal - naval oil reserves used for personal gain Interior Secretary Albert B. Fall leases land to private companies Takes bribes; is first person convicted of felony while in cabinet

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99 Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929) Calvin Coolidge was Harding's vice president (1921-23) and took over the Presidency after Harding’s death. Restores faith in government. He was re-elected in 1924 Coolidge was able to clean up most of the effects of the scandals of Harding’s administration. Famous for saying very little: “Silent Cal”; Traditional, old-timey, and boring

100 Calvin Coolidge cont… Brought back faith in federal government (helped significantly by the economic boom of the 1920s). Japanese were banned with the Immigration Act of 1924

101 Herbert Hoover (1929-1933) Herbert Hoover was elected to the presidency in 1928 by a landslide. Popular with the people. He was raised up by the country's prosperity until the beginning of the Great Depression began to carve its trough into the nation's economy early on his presidency.

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103 Presidents: Warren G. Harding (1921-1923) Calvin Coolidge (1923-1928)

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105 Communism and The Red Scare Communism—economic, political system, single-party government – ruled by dictator – no private property – equal distribution of resources 1919 Vladimir I. Lenin, Bolsheviks, set up Communist state in Russia U.S. Communist Party forms; some Industrial Workers of the World join Bombs mailed to government, businesses; people fear Red conspiracy Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer takes action

106 Communism and The Red Scare The Palmer Raids Palmer, J. Edgar Hoover hunt down Communists, socialists, anarchists Anarchists oppose any form of government Raids trample civil rights, fail to find evidence of conspiracy

107 Sacco and Vanzetti Red Scare feeds fear of foreigners, ruins reputations, wrecks lives Sacco and Vanzetti, Italian immigrants, anarchists, arrested charged with robbery, murder trial does not prove guilt Jury finds them guilty anyway; widespread protests in U.S., abroad Sacco, Vanzetti executed 1927

108 Economic expansion Mass Production Assembly Line Production Ford’s Age of the Automobile Failing Farming System (warning) Economy

109 Technology The main reason the economy can thrive is that we have new technology and innovations. The automobile: symbol of the second American industrial revolution Ford Motor Company founded in 1903 Produced war materials during WWI The new technology of the moving assembly line

110 The Impact of the Automobile Cars change life paved roads, gas stations, motels, shopping centers, home design (garages, driveways) Give mobility to rural families, women, young people Workers live far from jobs, leads to spread of cities Auto industry economic base for some cities, boosts oil industry By late 1920s, 1 car for every 5 Americans

111 Henry Ford Henry Ford – “made the 20s happen” Responsible for changing the automobile industry by using the assembly line – each worker had a specific job – very efficient and quick 1920 – 8 million cars on the road 1929 – 23 million developed the Model T car (every one was exactly the same

112 The Ford Model T was the first car in America. It came only in black and sold for $290. Over 15 million were sold by 1927.

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116 Economy Americans worshipped material prosperity as they bought in installments Chain stores begin to dominate the market This decade was the age of the “manager” The boom in advertising Skyscrapers as the symbol of the veneration of corporate America Average annual income rises over 35%, from $522 to $705

117 Economy The race to build higher The Chrysler Building (1930) The Empire State Building (1931) Symbolism of the interior of these buildings Skyscrapers offered new opportunities for women professionally. Advertising agencies hire psychologists to learn to appeal to public Make brand names familiar nationwide; push luxuries as necessities leads to…MORE AND ORE CREDIT!!!

118 The airline industry began as a mail carrying service and quickly “took off.” By 1927, Pan American Airways was making the transatlantic passenger flights. When commercial flights began, all flight attendants were female and white.

119 All of this is great but credit will eventually lead to our downfall.

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121 Back to Gatsby Using the handout annotate, highlight, underline anything related to what we have discussed. Make any notes to use during the movie. Note where you may have seen this scene before. What is Gatsby talking about?

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123 What did the roaring 20s cover up? Our failing economy – Problems for farmers during the 1920’s – Worker’s wages remained low – Serious misdistribution of American wealth – Saturation of key American industries – Dangerous personal debt What other era does this sound similar to?

124 The Great Depression Start Great Gatsby!

125 Hidden Causes 1)Unequal distribution of wealth: -people were very rich or very poor -20% of the nation lived in poverty (late 1920s) 2)Installment buying: -the buyer pays a certain amount down, and then pays the rest in installments (payments) with interest -easy credit -some people created huge debts

126 3)Bank failures: -banks were poorly managed -people lost money (sometimes their life savings) when their bank closed -7,000 banks closed in the 1920s 4)Increase in unemployment: -new factory machinery required fewer workers 5)High tariffs (tax on imports) on foreign goods: -decreased competition, which increased prices of certain goods

127 6)Huge farm surpluses: -led to a drop in farm prices -many farmers lost their farms because no one needed their food

128 Immediate Causes Under Calvin Coolidge, Dawes Plan- Allies unable to repay war debts. Allies force Germans to make reparations. – 1. U.S. banks loaned money to Germany – 2. Germany paid reparations to France and Britain – 3. France and Britain paid war debts to the U.S. Results- Helps the Great Depression go global. The US is never fully repaid by the Allied Powers

129 The Stock Market Crashes No one suspected that a signal of the end would occur on October 24, 1929, with the infamous stock market crash, and that more than a decade of depression and despair would follow such an era of happiness and prosperity.stock market crashdepression The typical American was still hardworking and sensible

130 Economic Effects

131 Social Effects Children were forced to work Many people became homeless -many of the homeless lived in small villages made of cardboard boxes and crates nicknamed “hoovervilles” (named after Pres. Hoover who was blamed for the Depression)

132 Daily Life Some men and families became hobos – rode the rails looking for work and food Many farmers had more food than they could sell -people didn’t have the money to buy it -some food was destroyed in an effort to decrease the supply so prices could increase

133 Surviving the Great Depression Droughts occurred on the Great Plains -this region became known as the Dust Bowl because it was so dry -many moved west to CA looking for work because the dust storms destroyed their crops -these people were often called okies because most were from OK Pres. Hoover wasn’t willing to spend enough money to provide relief to the people

134 Bonus Army March: -in 1924 Congress approved a bonus payment to all who served during WWI -the money was to be paid in 1945 -June 1932- 20,000 veterans marched into Wash. D.C., set up camps, and said they wouldn’t leave until they received their bonus

135 Politics Election of 1932 FDR Defeated Hoover in the election of 1932 Cousin of Teddy Roosevelt Became ill with polio in 1921 – forced him to use a wheelchair 1 st Pres. to use the radio regularly – “Fireside Chats” – explained his plans and programs to the people

136 FDR Handled the press well – ex: pictures not taken of him in his wheelchair (did not want to appear weak) Famous quote – “All we have to fear, is fear itself.” The “Brain Trust” was a group of advisors that helped him – attorneys, economists, political scientists, etc.

137 New Deal The “New Deal” was FDR’s response to the Great Depression Created new agencies to help the people -nicknamed “alphabet soup” because of all the abbreviations that were used From 1933 to early 1935, the dominating goals of FDR were… “reform” “relief” “recovery”

138 Critiquing the New Deal Increased the power of the Pres. Conservation gains – dams built, trees planted, etc. Created new federal social programs – social security, welfare Deficit spending – the gov’t spends more money than it brings in from taxes


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