1. CC410: System Programming Dr. Manal Helal – Fall 2014 – Lecture 4 - Assembler 1

2. 2 Learning Objectives Understand Assemblers functions Differentiate machine dependant vs machine independent features

3. Assembler Definition: An Assembler is a Program that has the following tasks: 1. Transform assembly instructions (source code, such as MOV) into machine code (binary, such as 100010) 2. Assign memory addresses to symbolic labels 3. Create an object code file 3 Source Program Assembler Object Code Loader Executable Code Linker

4. 4 2.1 Basic Assembler Functions »Figure 2.1 shows an assembler language program for SIC. –The line numbers are for reference only. –Indexing addressing is indicated by adding the modifier “X” –Lines beginning with “.” contain comments only. –Reads records from input device (code F1) –Copies them to output device (code 05) –At the end of the file, writes EOF on the output device, then RSUB to the operating system

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8. 8 2.1 Basic Assembler Functions »Assembler directives (pseudo-instructions) –START, END, BYTE, WORD, RESB, RESW. –These statements are not translated into machine instructions. –Instead, they provide instructions to the assembler itself.

9. 9 2.1 Basic Assembler Functions »Data transfer (RD, WD) –A buffer is used to store record –Buffering is necessary for different I/O rates –The end of each record is marked with a null character (00 16 ) –Buffer length is 4096 Bytes –The end of the file is indicated by a zero- length record »Subroutines (JSUB, RSUB) –RDREC, WRREC –Save link (L) register first before nested jump

10. 10 2.1.1 A simple SIC Assembler »Figure 2.2 shows the generated object code for each statement. –Loc gives the machine address in Hex. –Assume the program starting at address 1000. »Translation functions –Translate STL to 14. –Translate RETADR to 1033. –Build the machine instructions in the proper format (,X). –Translate EOF to 454F46. –Write the object program and assembly listing.

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14. 14 2.1.1 A simple SIC Assembler »A forward reference –101000FIRST STLRETADR141033 –A reference to a label (RETADR) that is defined later in the program –Most assemblers make two passes over the source program »Most assemblers make two passes over source program. –Pass 1 scans the source for label definitions and assigns address (Loc). –Pass 2 performs most of the actual translation.

15. 15 2.1.1 A simple SIC Assembler »The object program (OP) will be loaded into memory for execution. »Three types of records –Header: program name, starting address, length. –Text: starting address, length, object code. –End: address of first executable instruction.

16. 16 2.1.1 A simple SIC Assembler

17. 17 2.1.1 A simple SIC Assembler »The symbol ^ is used to separate fields. –Figure 2.3 1E(H)=30(D)=16(D)+14(D)

18. 18 2.1.1 A simple SIC Assembler »Assembler’s Functions –Convert mnemonic operation codes to their machine language equivalents STL to 14 –Convert symbolic operands (referred label) to their equivalent machine addresses RETADR to 1033 –Build the machine instructions in the proper format –Convert the data constants to internal machine representations –Write the object program and the assembly listing

19. 19 2.1.1 A simple SIC Assembler »Example of Instruction Assemble –Forward reference –STCH BUFFER, X (54) 16 1 (001) 2 (039) 16 549039

20. 20 2.1.1 A simple SIC Assembler »Forward reference –Reference to a label that is defined later in the program. LocLabelOP CodeOperand 1000FIRSTSTLRETADR 1003CLOOPJSUBRDREC … ……… 1012JCLOOP … ……… 1033RETADRRESW1

21. 21 2.1.1 A simple SIC Assembler »The functions of the two passes assembler. »Pass 1 (define symbol) –Assign addresses to all statements (generate LOC). –Save the values (address) assigned to all labels for Pass 2. –Perform some processing of assembler directives. »Pass 2 –Assemble instructions. –Generate data values defined by BYTE, WORD. –Perform processing of assembler directives not done during Pass 1. –Write the OP (Fig. 2.3) and the assembly listing (Fig. 2.2).

22. Intel Architecture Assembler Example

23. 1 st Table: Symbol Table Symbol table: List of “items” in this file that may be used by this and other files. What are they? –Labels: function calling –Data: anything in the.data section; variables which may be accessed across files First Pass: record label-address pairs Second Pass: produce machine code –Result: can jump to a label later in code without first declaring it

25. Generating Machine Code for an Instruction Op-codeMod-Reg-R/MDisplacementimmediate This is complex due to the large variety of addressing modes combined with the large number of instructions. Most often, the machine code for an instruction consists of 1) an 8-bit opcode (the choice of opcode will depend somewhat on the addressing modes used for the operands) followed by 2) one or more bytes describing the addressing modes for the operands. Instruction format of the pentium 4 microprocessor 1-2 bytes0-1 bytes0-4 bytes

26. 1- MOD-REG-R/M byte  Mod Field: addressing mode = 00, 01, 10 the R/M (register/Memory) selects one of the data memory addressing modes 00 no displacement, read from first operand from REG and second operand from R/M 01 8-bit displacement 10 16-bit displacement = 11 it selects the register addressing mode, Register addressing uses R/M field to specify a register instead of memory location MODREGR/M

27. REG and R/M Field (when MOD=11) CodeW=0 (byte)W=1 (word)W=1 (double word) 000ALAXEAX 001CLCXECX 010DLDXEDX 011BLBXEBX 100AHSPESP 101CHBPEBP 110DHSIESI 111BHDIEDI

28. R/M Field (16-bit addressing mode) codefunction 000[BX+SI] 001[BX+DI] 010[BP+SI] 011[BP+DI] 100[SI] 101[DI] 110[BP]/DISP16 111[BX]

29. R/M Field (32-bit addressing mode) codefunction 000[EAX] 001[ECX] 010[EDX] 011[EBX] 100Displacement 101[EBP] 110[ESI] 111[EDI]

30. 1- op-code Byte DW  If D=1 then data transferred to the REG field from the R/M field (second operand)  If D=0 then data transferred to the R/M field from the REG field (first operand) - W=1 if data size is a word or double word -W=0 if data size is a byte

31. 00010101 MODREGR/M Example MOV DL, [DI] 100010D1D1 W0W0 D =1 from memory to register W=0 DATA SIZE IS BYTE MODE=No displacement = 00 1000101000010101 then the hexadecimal code is (machine code) : 8A15

32. 11101100 MODREGR/M Example MOV BP, SP 100010D1D1 W1W1 MODE= register addressing mode= 11 D =1 from “memory field” to “register field” W=1 DATA SIZE IS WORD 1000101111101100 then the hexadecimal code is (machine code) : 8BEC