2. Nouns  Singular: (the indefinite article a or an)  Nouns are used to name people, animals and things. Like: girl, fish, car, table  Nouns can be singular or plural. We put a or an in front of a singular noun. A or an have the same meaning. The mean (1).

3. Nouns: singular Usages of (a)examplesUsages of (an)examples When a word begins with a consonant A book, a dog, a doctor When a word begins with the vowels a, e, i, o, u An apple, an idea, an egg When u sounds like /iu/ A university, a union When the h is not silent A house, a hat, a horse When the h sound is silent An hour, an honour

4. Nouns: plural (regular) Noun endingSpelling ruleSingular example Plural example Most consonants + sA book A car Books Cars The consonants s, ss, ch, sh, and x + esA bus A watch A box Buses Watches boxes Consonant + y Drop y and add -ies A baby A country Babies countries Vocal yAdd -sA boyboys F or feChange to - ves A knife A leaf Knives leaves

5. Nouns: plural (irregular) SingularPlural a manmen a womanwomen a childchildren a toothteeth a footfeet a mousemice a sheepsheep a fishfish

6. Subject pronouns  Singular subject pronouns: I, you, he, she, it  Plural subject pronouns: we, you, they Subject pronoun + simple present of to be: Pronoun + to beContractions I = amI’m He, she, it = isHe’s / she’s We, you, they = areYou’re / they’re

7. Usages of verb to be  To say who we are:  I am Aisha. / He’s Ahmad. To say what we are:  We are students. / They are teachers. To talk about nationality:  I’m Turkish. / They’re Brazilian. To describe people, things or places:  He’s hungry. / She’s beautiful.

8. Negative of to be  I am not a teacher. OR I’m not a teacher.  You are not from Spain. OR You’re not from Spain. OR You aren’t from Spain.  Subject + verb to be + not + additional information

9. Yes/No questions with to be NegativeAffirmativeSubjectTo be No,Yes, I’m notI am IAm you’re notyou are youAre he isn’the is heIs she’s notshe isfrom India? sheIs it isn’tit is itIs we are notwe are weAre You aren’tyou are youAre they are notthey are theyAre

10. To be + adjective Nationality adjective:  He is Turkish. / He is from Turkey.  I am Italian. / I am from Italy. Descriptive adjectives:  Lemons are yellow. / A giraffe is tall.  Adjectives describes people, things or places.

11. Possessive adjectives  We use possessive adjectives before nouns to show that something belongs to someone.  My book / his name / our house PronounsPossessive adjectives IMy YouYour HeHis SheHer Itits WeOur TheyTheir

12. Demonstrative adjectives  This is my book (singular). These are my books (plural).  We use this & these for people or things that are near to us. That is your book (singular). Those are books (plural).  We use that & those for things that are not near.

13. Question with what, where, and who  What is that? It is a pen.  We use what to ask about things. Where is Sylvia? She is in the kitchen.  We use where to ask about location. Who is he? He is my teacher.  We use who to ask about people.

14. Yes / no questions with to be  Are you a student? Yes, I am / No, I am not.  Is he from India? Yes, he is / No he is not.

15. Section 2: it, there, the simple past of to be  What is the weather like today? It’s sunny / hot / cold / rainy / windy What is the temperature today? It’s is 90 degrees Fahrenheit/ 32 degrees centigrade.

16. It to tell the time & the date  What time is it? It is two / it is 2 o’clock / it is 2 p.m. What day is it? It is Wednesday. What month is it? It is July. What year is it? It is 2002. What is the date today? It is July 6 th.

17. Read  2.15  10.35  1986  1820  2005

18. Questions with when & what. Prepositions of time  We use when & what for questions about time.  When is your birthday? What time is the party? We use in for parts of the day and with months, seasons, and years  In July/ in the afternoon/ in the summer/ in 1786 We use on with dates and days  On Monday/ on the 12 th of May We use at for times & for the expression at night  At 2 o’clock/ at night

19. Statements with there + to be  We use there is/ there are to say that something exists.  There is a computer in the room. There are books on the desk. We use there isn’t/ there aren’t to say that something doesn’t exist.  There isn’t a waiter in the picture. The aren’t any glasses on the table. We use any before nouns in the plural, both in yes/no questions and in negatives.  Are there any cookies on the table? No, there aren’t any cookies on the table.

20. Questions with there  Is there a bank in the town?  Yes, there is. No, there is not. Are there any shops in the town?  Yes, there are. No, there aren’t.

21. The conjunctions and, but, or  We use a comma before the conjunctions when we connect 2 sentences.  The food is cheap, but it’s not good. We don’t use a comma when the conjunction separates 2 adjectives.  She is tired but happy. We don’t use a comma when the conjunction separates 2 nouns.  Are you busy on Saturday or Sunday?

22. The conjunctions and, but, or  We use and to add information.  The coat is beautiful,and it is warm.  The coat is beautiful and warm. We use but to give a contrasting idea.  I want to go skiing, but I haven’t got any money. We use or to give a choice.  We go, or we stay.

23. The simple the past of to be  I, he, she, he, it = was or was not  We, you, they = were or were not  The time expression of the past: yesterday, two hours ago, 5 five months ago, last night, last year, in 1980

24. The simple past of to be: questions  Was (he, she, it, I) here yesterday?  Yes, she was. No, it wasn’t. Were (we, you, they) here yesterday?  Yes, we were. No, you weren’t.

25. Possessive adjectives  We use possessive adjectives before nouns to show that something belongs to someone. Possessive adjectives pronouns myI youryou hishe hershe itsit ourwe youryou theirthey

26. Demonstrative adjectives  We use this and these for people and things that are near us.  We use that and those for people and things that are not near. PluralSingular These booksThis book Those booksThat book

27. Questions with what, where, and who subjectTo beWh- word My name is KellyYour name? is What They’re pensthese? are What He’s at homeJoe? is Where I’m from Spainyou from? are Where He’s my brother he?is Who They’re visitors they?are Who