1. Date of download: 6/17/2016 Copyright © 2016 SPIE. All rights reserved. Longitudinal defocus Δz for (a) myopic and (b) hyperopic eyes. The associated vergence error is n′∕Δz. Figure Legend: From: Objective refraction from aberrometry: theory J. Biomed. Opt. 2009;14(2):024021-024021-11. doi:10.1117/1.3103319

2. Date of download: 6/17/2016 Copyright © 2016 SPIE. All rights reserved. Diagram of ideal vergence of a spherical beam, and the power ellipse of sphere+cylinder ophthalmic lenses used to compensate the vergence error ellipse of the eye. Figure Legend: From: Objective refraction from aberrometry: theory J. Biomed. Opt. 2009;14(2):024021-024021-11. doi:10.1117/1.3103319

3. Date of download: 6/17/2016 Copyright © 2016 SPIE. All rights reserved. Trajectory of a general skew ray from the pupil to the image. Skew rays will never cross the axis so that the scalar Δz and its associated vergence are not well defined. Figure Legend: From: Objective refraction from aberrometry: theory J. Biomed. Opt. 2009;14(2):024021-024021-11. doi:10.1117/1.3103319

4. Date of download: 6/17/2016 Copyright © 2016 SPIE. All rights reserved. Front view (projection on the XY plane) of a skew ray similar to that of Fig.. There are four possible components of the vergence error because each transverse aberration depends on both pupil coordinates. Figure Legend: From: Objective refraction from aberrometry: theory J. Biomed. Opt. 2009;14(2):024021-024021-11. doi:10.1117/1.3103319

5. Date of download: 6/17/2016 Copyright © 2016 SPIE. All rights reserved. The odd-symmetric lens consisting of two half-positive and half-negative cylinders. (a) a perspective view. (b) The effect of that lens is to produce a half-diverging and a half-converging beam. This type of lens could correct the cross-comatic vergence error when aligned along the 45-deg diagonal. Figure Legend: From: Objective refraction from aberrometry: theory J. Biomed. Opt. 2009;14(2):024021-024021-11. doi:10.1117/1.3103319

6. Date of download: 6/17/2016 Copyright © 2016 SPIE. All rights reserved. Diagram comparing (a) standard and (b) proposed methods to assess the objective refraction with an aberrometer. Figure Legend: From: Objective refraction from aberrometry: theory J. Biomed. Opt. 2009;14(2):024021-024021-11. doi:10.1117/1.3103319