1. Population Control WORLD ISSUES 120

2. Post-Transition  Stage four is characterized by:  Urbanization  rich resource base  changed role of women in society  access to education  health care,  technology  If societies do not achieve the above advances and get stuck in transition, they may fall into… … the DEMOGRAPHIC TRAP!

3. Demographic Trap  If a developing country continues to have a high birth rate instead of experiencing the declining birth rate of the late transition stage they are considered to be in a demographic trap.  This threatens the country’s economic and social development – it requires the government to provide basic needs for the growing population rather progressing into the post-transition stage.  Population soon exceeds carrying capacity.

4. Governments Taking Steps  Without some sort of action against this kind of “population explosion” (with miserable results of famine, disease, warfare, etc.), countries would experience terrible collapse and great suffering. (eventually…)  For example:  India’s population grows by an amount almost equal to the population of Quebec and Ontario combined every year. This means that every year the country needs to find money to provide food, housing, healthcare, and education for 19 million more people. All BEFORE the government improves the standard of living for the people already living there.

5. China’s One-Child Policy

6. China’s “One Child” Policy  China began promoting the use of birth control and family planning with the establishment of the People’s Republic in 1949.  It wasn’t until September 25, 1980, a public letter was published by the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party to the party membership which called upon all to adhere to the one-child policy.  Exceptions:  Parents who were part of an ethnic minority  Those whose firstborn was disabled

7. China’s “One Child” Policy  Implemented for all in but those in urban environments adapted much more easily.  Methods of enforcement included:  contraceptive methods became more widely available  financial incentives  preferential employment opportunities  The government imposed sanctions ($fines$) against those who violated the policy and invoked stronger measures (after the 1980s) such as forced abortions and sterilizations (primarily in women).

8. China’s “One Child” Policy  Basically,  People encouraged to marry later  Pregnancies must be authorized  Pregnant without permission? You’ll be fined or forced to abort.  Women supposed to be sterilized after 2 nd child.  Some richer families are choosing more than one child, and paying the fines.

9. Impacts of One-Child Policy  There was a general reduction in China’s fertility and birth rates. (Fertility rate drops from 5.8 to 1.8)  Unfortunately, the country’s overall sex ratio became skewed toward males.

10. Impact #1  Traditionally, male children (especially firstborn) have been preferred  sons inherit the family name and property and are responsible for the care of elderly parents.  When most families were restricted to one child, having a girl became highly undesirable, resulting in:  a rise in abortions of female fetuses  Increases girls being placed in orphanages or abandoned  And even infanticide of baby girls * These all led to a situation in which there were fewer females available for marriage. (118 males to 100 females)

11. Impact of One-Child Policy - #2  There is a growing amount of elderly people.  This is a problem because the majority of senior citizens in China relied on their children for support after they retired, and there were fewer children to support them.

12. Impact of One-Child Policy - #3  The births of children after the first went unreported or were hidden from authorities.  These children were undocumented and therefore faced hardships in obtaining education and employment.  Although the exact number of these undocumented children is not known, it is estimated to range any where from hundreds of thousands to several million.

13. Recent Effects of the One Child Law  If a couple is composed of two people without siblings, then they may have two children of their own.  The government has been providing more education and support for alternative birth control methods.  (2007) Reports that officials were still forcing pregnant women without permission to have abortions and placing steep fines on families violating the law.  As a result, riots broke out and some may have been killed, including population control officials.

14. Kenya ~ National Family Planning Campaign

15. Kenya – National family Planning Campaign  Some sort of Family Planning Policy has been around since 1965 but through the 1990s the Kenyan government has struggled with funding as the HIV epidemic diverted donor funding and political leadership decreased.  The Kenyan population increased by one million people each year between 2000 through 2010 – it is considered one of the most populated countries in Africa.  Main reasons behind the population growth are:  Early marriage and childbearing  Unmet need for Family Planning  High total fertility rate

16. Kenya – National family Planning Campaign  “Unmet family planning needs” refers to a woman’s desire to s pace births (having at least two years between) or to limit the number of her births but they aren’t taking or have no access to any sort of contraception.  The biggest obstacles Kenyans are up against are:  Funding  Very little access to health care at the community level  male involvement  discrimination against women

17. Benefits of Family Planning  The Kenyan government has developed a national framework for their country that will:  Preventing unintended pregnancies while reducing maternal and child mortality  Improving the health and economic well-being of families and communities  This in turn will help them achieve development goals for health, poverty reduction, gender equality, and environmental sustainability.

18. India ~ Sterilisation Campaigns & Family Welfare Program

19. India  India is forecast to become the world’s most populous country in 2030, up from 1.25 billion today to nearly 1.5 billion.  India was the first country in the world to establish a government family planning program way back in 1952.  Has reduced their fertility from 6 kids/woman to 3 kids/woman.

20. India – Sterilisation Campaigns  In the past Family Planning programs have found that teaching poorly educated women in remote communities how to use pills or contraceptives is more expensive than the mass sterilisation campaigns.  Coercion?  People who agreed to get sterilized would receive land, housing, and money or loans.  Only a tiny fraction of men choose to have vasectomies. Male sterilisation is viewed as culturally unacceptable in India’s conservative society, experts say.

21. Current Family Welfare Program  Family Welfare Programme, some major achievements are as follows:  Awareness of one or more methods of contraception.  Increase in contraceptives use over the years.  Knowledge of female sterilization, which is considered to the most safest and popular method of modern family planning.  Increase in the use of condoms.  Increased knowledge about contraceptive pills.  Fertility rate low among educated women.  Fertility rate low among higher income groups.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6s0ANy_zrY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6s0ANy_zrY

22. UK – “Stop at Two” Policy

23.  A group called Optimum Population Trust came up with this policy as an option to help halt climate change. (Not an official policy!)  Overall this policy would reduce the UK carbon footprint and the OPT feels it’s the quickest most significant thing we could do for the planet. 1. Stabilizing and decreasing numbers to what is environmentally sustainable in the UK 2. Maintaining them at that level (zero population growth).

24. UK – “zero-net”  Does not take into account the migration into the UK (which is fairly high and accounts for over 80% of the projected UK population growth!)  Hence the “zero-net” migration policy (having the amount of people leaving equal the amount of people entering).  This program also asks the government to review incentives that may lead some teenage girls to become pregnant. (the UK having the highest teenage pregnancy rate in western Europe.)

25. Future of Population Control

26. The Gender Gap  An unintended consequence of the various population policies has become readily apparent when we look at the distribution of males versus females.

27. Gender Gap – Issue 1  Infanticide was common (aborting or killing newborn baby girls)  In India, there are only 88% as many girls as boys.  Estimates: 1978-1998 = TEN MILLION girls aborted  Since 1994, it has been illegal to tell parents the gender of the fetus, but it still happens.

28. Gender Gap – Issue 2  Men who want to marry often have to go outside of the country, or will purchase a girl from a poor family.  Sometimes, women are even kidnapped to be wives.  Also occurs in China = 118 boys/100 girls

29. Future of Population Control  1994 – U.N. Conference – tried to come up with policies to help countries achieve post-transition and develop their economies.  Decided fertility control won’t work.  Focussed instead on social development:  Gender equality  Sustainable development  Eradicate poverty  Education (particularly girls)

30. Population Predictions “New” Problems  There are some countries where the current birth rate is declining or showing no activity.  Examples: Japan, Russia, even Canada – this also includes many other developed countries  Caused by low fertility rates and high life expectancy.  Causing a “Population Implosion”  BIRTH DEARTH – the situation in a country where a low total fertility rate is causing the population to decline.  Once the population begins to decline, we expect it to continue to decline.  Why would this be?

31. Implications of the Birth Dearth  Read passages from text.  We will divide into groups to examine the 5 major impacts of the Birth Dearth on post- transition societies.  Group 1 = Family Structures/Shift in World Power  Group 2 = Aging population  Group 3 = Labour Shortages  Group 4 = Economic Effects

32. References:  India:  http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/13/india-population-growth-policy- problems-sterilisation-incentives-coercion http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/13/india-population-growth-policy- problems-sterilisation-incentives-coercion  http://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/society/family-planning-in-india-its-history- programmes-importance-and-impact http://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/society/family-planning-in-india-its-history- programmes-importance-and-impact  http://nrhm.gov.in/nrhm-components/rmnch-a/family-planning/background.html http://nrhm.gov.in/nrhm-components/rmnch-a/family-planning/background.html  Kenya:  http://www.dsw.org/uploads/tx_aedswpublication/family-planning-kenya_update.pdf http://www.dsw.org/uploads/tx_aedswpublication/family-planning-kenya_update.pdf  http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2012/kenya-family-planning.aspx http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2012/kenya-family-planning.aspx  China:  http://www.britannica.com/topic/one-child-policy http://www.britannica.com/topic/one-child-policy  http://geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/onechild.htm http://geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/onechild.htm  UK:  http://populationmatters.org/2006/press/stop-children-halt-climate-change/ http://populationmatters.org/2006/press/stop-children-halt-climate-change/  http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/jul/11/greenpolitics.children http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/jul/11/greenpolitics.children