1. Unit 2 Day 3 Living Document Theme: Authority

2. Amendment Process How are amendments added to the constitution? Step 1 - Proposal: 2 ways Vote of 2/3 of members of both houses (Senate 67 of 100; House 290 of 435) By national convention called at the request of 2/3 of 50 state legislatures (Never been Done)

3. Amendment Process cont. Step 2: Ratification Approved by 3/4 of 50 state legislatures (38 of 50 States - All new Amend. have been done this way but one) Or Approved by 3/4 of ratifying state conventions held in 50 states (Only one Amendment - XXI)

4. Amendments to research Amendment 10: Reserved rights to the states; example: states allow or do not allow the death penalty. Amendment 16: The Federal government has the power to tax US citizens. Amendment 17: Citizens elect Senators directly.

5. Amendments to research Amendment 18: Prohibition was established banning the sale, consumption, & production of alcohol. Amendment 21: Repealed (stopped) the prohibition of alcohol. Amendment 27: Members of Congress cannot get pay raises until the beginning of a new term On the next slides you need to use websites to find the answers to your questions. Do NOT rely on just one website.

6. Amendment Explain how this US Amendment affects the citizens of the US Explain the purpose of each US Amendment in your own words 10 16 17 18 21 27

7. Quick info about US Supreme Court Highest Appeals Court in the US. 9 Supreme Court Justices on the panel. A majority vote wins the case. Examples: 9-0 or 5-4. Do NOT hear all cases appealed to them – 200 a year Why are cases heard at the US Supreme Court ? -The Justices feel that the case will affect all citizens of the US. -The new case may overturn a previous case that will support US citizens.

8. US Supreme Court cont. The US SC Justices write 3 types of opinions to get their scores for the case Majority: an opinion written by the winning side of the justices. Concurring: opinions are written when a justice(s) agrees w/ the majority verdict but disagrees with parts of the majority opinion. Dissenting: an opinion written by a justice who disagrees w/ the majority opinion. Anyone can be a part of any written opinion. Justices are either more Liberal or more Conservative – Justices not listed as being a Democrat or a Republican.

9. Key Supreme Court Cases Marbury v.Madison (1803) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) On the next slide you will use this website to answer questions: www.oyez.org

10. Case Decision/ WinnerKeys to casePrecedent Marbury v. Madison (1803)4-0 Madison The Constitution was "the fundamental & paramount law of the nation” CJ = John Marshall This court cases established the idea of Judicial review. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)7-0 McCulloch Creation of a new National bank Necessary and proper clause CJ = John Marshall Stated that implied powers allow for Federal authority over the State. (Congress power of the necessary and proper clause) Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)6-0 Gibbons Interstate trade – under Article 1 section 8 CJ = John Marshall Congress regulate trade (under the commerce clause) Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) 7-2 SandfordSlavery and citizenship No one of African descent was a citizen in the US