2. Humans are “social beings” They interact in “social life” Social life requires “social sanctions” Social sanctions are regulated as rules for social order

3. To maintain  “social order”  “community legal order”  “trust and safety”  “social coherence”  “equality”, and  “freedom”

4. Rules for social order may be classified as…  “laws”  “religion”  “morals”  “good manners”

5. Laws and regulations differ from others… R e ligious rules; ethics and rules for good manner require only moral sanctions, BUT Laws require concrete penal sanctions mandated by the State

6.  I mposing punishment  Enforcement  Compensation  I nvalidity  Abolishment

7. The CAPITAL PUNISHMENT

10. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the homicide of a person by judicial process as punishments.Crimes that can result in a death penalty are known as capital crimes or capital offences. The term capital originates from Latin capitalis, literally "regarding the head" (Latin caput). Hence, a capital crime was originally one punished by the severing of the head.

11. Cammon in virtually every society, excluding only those with state religious proscriptions against it until modern times, it is a matter of active controversy in various states and there is no consistency of position within political tendencies such as capitalist or communist or cultural regions, except in Western Europe where there is a general consensus that the practice is barbaric.

12. In general, the latter position is more commonly found in the more advanced/developed provincial units within federal states that have the authority to legislate it and in the countries considered more advanced generally in terms of human development.

13. At one time capital punishment was used in almost every part of the globe, but over the last few decades many countries have abolished it. Amnesty International classifies countries into four categories. 59 countries still maintain the death penalty in both law and practice. (Also lists the Palestinian Authority) 90 countries have abolished it completely. (Also lists the Cook Islands & Niue)

14. 10 retain it, but only for crimes committed in exceptional circumstances (such as crimes committed in time of war). 35 countries maintain laws permitting the use of the death penalty for ordinary crimes, but have allowed the death penalty to fall into disuse for at least 10 years. Additionally, five countries still execute child offenders. In some countries the practice of extrajudicial execution sporadically or systematically outside their own formal legal frameworks still occurs. This list below includes several unrecognized states with de facto control over their territory and dependent territories, neither of which are included in the above numbers.

16. Turkey has recently, as a move towards EU membership, undergone a reform of its legal system. Previously there was a de facto moratorium on death penalty in Turkey as the last execution took place in 1984. The death penalty was removed from peacetime law in August 2002, and in May 2004 Turkey amended its constitution in order to remove capital punishment in all circumstances. It ratified Protocol no. 13 to the European Convention on Human Rights in February 2006.

17. The death penalty is the harshest form of punishment enforced in the world. Capital punishment is a difficult issue and there are as many different opinions as there are people. Discussions

18. THANKS...