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Published byShannon Weaver Modified over 7 years ago
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POLICY DIFFUSION AND INNOVATION
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Introduction of something new But what is really “new?” For policy innovation, new is something new to the particular government that adopts it INNOVATION
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Explanations for adoption of a new program by a unit of government (often a state when we consider education) Internal determinants Political, economic, and social factors INSIDE a unit lead to adoption Diffusion Units adopt because other units adopted first POLICY INNOVATION AND DIFFUSION
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Mechanisms Learning Imitation Normative pressure Competition Coercion Diffusion models Regional diffusion Leader-laggard National interaction DIFFUSION
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Units with higher levels of wealth, income, and education more likely to innovate Larger units with more “disposable” resources more likely to innovate Motivation to innovate based on: Problem severity Obstacles to overcome and resources available to overcome them INTERNAL DETERMINANTS
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“although generally marked by stability and incremental- ism, political processes occasionally produce large-scale departures from the past.” (59) PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM
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Equilibrium periods Not much change happens Punctuations Big policy changes happen PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM Stasis/ equilibrium/incrementalis m punctuation
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Positive feedback: when an issue is on macro-political agenda and small change in circumstances can cause large changes in policy Negative feedback: stasis, maintains stability Federalism, separation of powers, and jurisdictional overlaps inhibit major changes during negative feedback periods But they also mean a movement in one subsystem may succeed, while it fails in another Subsystems: equilibrium and parallel processing Macro politics: punctuations and serial processing
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Issue definition Agenda setting An issue rises up from a political subsystem to the macro-political context and has the potential to lead to large-scale change What causes an issue to rise? Policy images Bounded rationality Policy monopoly KEY TERMS
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Stochastic Random probability distribution- can’t be perfectly predicted Normal distribution- mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1 Kurtosis: how sharply peaked a distribution is Leptokurtosis: very sharply peaked distribution SOME TERMS DEFINED/ REVIEWED
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“when political conflict is expanded beyond the confines of expert-driven policy subsystems to other policymaking venues. It relies on the mechanism of policy image- a manner in which a policy is characterized or understood- and a system of partially independent institutional venues within which policy can be made” (82-83) GENERAL PUNCTUATION HYPOTHESIS
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According to punctuated equilibrium theory, how does a major policy change happen? Is this theory testable? “better applied work on policy change will occur with better theory; indeed, there is no substitute for this” (90) FOOD FOR THOUGHT
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