1. AP Biology Discussion Notes Thursday 2/25/2016

2. Goals for Today Be able to use our biology knowledge to think about (and make) important decisions. Be able to discuss the process of cloning & compare it to other biological processes Be able to say whether & why cloned organisms would be identical to their original parent

3. Question of the Day 2/25 What cells do you need to be able to clone an organism?

5. Using this process are clones 100% genetically identical to the original donor?

6. Can you clone a male organism?

7. Back to DNA Polymerase…

8. What is the function of DNA polymerase?

9. What are the limitations of DNA polymerase?

10. Replicating the Ends of DNA Molecules Limitations of DNA polymerase create problems for the linear DNA of eukaryotic chromosomes The usual replication machinery provides no way to complete the 5 ends, so repeated rounds of replication produce shorter DNA molecules with uneven ends This is not a problem for prokaryotes, most of which have circular chromosomes

11. Figure 16.20a Ends of parental DNA strands Leading strand Lagging strand Last fragment Next-to-last fragment Lagging strand RNA primer Parental strand Removal of primers and replacement with DNA where a 3 end is available 3 3 3 5 5 5

12. Figure 16.20b Second round of replication Further rounds of replication New leading strand New lagging strand Shorter and shorter daughter molecules 3 3 3 5 5 5

13. Eukaryotic chromosomal DNA molecules have special nucleotide sequences at their ends called telomeres Telomeres do not prevent the shortening of DNA molecules, but they do postpone the erosion of genes near the ends of DNA molecules It has been proposed that the shortening of telomeres is connected to aging Replicating the Ends of DNA Molecules

14. Figure 16.21 1  m

15. If chromosomes of germ cells became shorter in every cell cycle, essential genes would eventually be missing from the gametes they produce An enzyme called telomerase catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in germ cells Replicating the Ends of DNA Molecules

16. The shortening of telomeres might protect cells from cancerous growth by limiting the number of cell divisions There is evidence of telomerase activity in cancer cells, which may allow cancer cells to persist Replicating the Ends of DNA Molecules

17. Back to Cloning…. 1.How old is a cloned organism to begin with? 2.Is it’s nuclear DNA from a gamete/germ cell?

18. What does the “end replication problem” and telomeres mean for cloned organisms?

19. What questions do we have about cloning?

20. Work Order Today 1.Cloning questions & reading 2.Begin Epigenetics –Pick up if you are going to be gone tomorrow 3.Reading Guide (331-336) ASK QUESTIONS!!!