1. Roger W. Brode U.S. EPA/OAQPS/AQAD Air Quality Modeling Group AERMOD Update: Status of AERSCREEN and AERSURFACE NESCAUM Permit Modeling Committee Annual Meeting New London, Connecticut May 31, 2007

2. Presentation Outline AERSCREEN Overview and Status AERSURFACE Overview and Status Questions

3. AERSCREEN Finalization Workgroup Jim Haywood, Chair, Michigan Karen Wesson, EPA Roger Brode, EPA (formerly with MACTEC) Bob Paine, ENSR Lloyd Schulman, TRC Acknowledge Herman Wong, EPA Region 10

4. What is AERSCREEN? AERSCREEN refers to applying the AERMOD model in a “screening mode” – SCREEN option added to AERMOD in 1995 forces model to calculate centerline concentration for each source/receptor/meteorology combination – SCREEN option limits output to 1-hour averages and selects NOCHKD option to eliminate date sequence checking AERSCREEN consists of two components – MAKEMET program generates matrix of meteorological conditions based on user-specified surface characteristics, formatted for input to AERMOD (.sfc and.pfl files) – ASCREEN program provides interface to run AERMOD in SCREEN mode, incorporates MAKEMET, BPIPPRM and AERMAP

5. Description of AERSCREEN MAKEMET includes loops through meteorological parameters: – Wind speed (stable and convective) – Cloud cover (stable and convective – Max/min ambient temp (stable and convective) – Solar elevation angle (stable and convective) – Convective velocity scale (w*) (convective only) – Mechanical mixing heights (stable only) Uses AERMET subroutines to calculate u* and L, also calculates convective mixing heights Generates surface and profile files for running AERMOD in stand-alone mode

6. Description of AERSCREEN ASCREEN command-prompt program developed by Jim Haywood, Michigan DEQ – Interactive data entry (command prompts/DOS Screen) – Single point, volume or area source – Flat and Complex terrain (DEM 1-degree files (automatically) or user-specified list of 7.5-minute DEM files) – PRIME building downwash (specify stack location) – MAKEMET meteorology with site-specific surface characteristics – Search routine to locate worst-case impact location – Re-Use of Previous AERSCREEN Run Files – Includes source-dependent factors for 3-hour, 8-hour, 24-hour and annual averages – similar to SCREEN3 factors

7. AERSCREEN Status Draft AERSCREEN package submitted to EPA regions on 4/25/06 for internal (alpha) review and testing Comments received from several regions and states; many comments related to problems with AERMAP Public release of draft AERSCREEN package expected by summer 2007

8. AERSCREEN Status ASCREEN program updated to use new AERMAP and AERMOD executables; AREA source added AERMET NR_ANG bug fix needs to be incorporated Default surface characteristics may be modified for consistency with AERSURFACE; possible linkage with AERSURFACE Previous testing to be updated with latest version; additional testing of AERSCREEN vs. on-site met data also planned Additional documentation, including draft user’s guide and test results, needed before public release

9. AERSCREEN Tests Significant Testing to Date Shows Good Results Across Wide Range of Applications “Good” Defined as Reasonable Conservatism Compared to AERMOD Refined Estimates Testing Performed for Rugged Terrain Applications with Downwash – Minor Modifications to MAKEMET

10. DatabaseTypeNo. of sources Max. Ratio Min. Ratio Median Ratio Jim HaywoodMiscellaneous75.201.092.35 Karen WessonStack downwash322.540.961.17 Karen WessonStack non-downwash262.180.971.49 Roger Brode Flat Terrain Non-downwash Rural & Urban 1682.980.981.05 Roger Brode Complex Terrain Varying Source/ Terrain Distance 1684.560.961.18 Bob PaineComplex Terrain287.461.082.23

13. Averaging Factors 3-hour: fixed ratio of 0.95 (SCREEN3 – 0.90 ± 0.10); 8-hour: fixed ratio of 0.70 (SCREEN3 – 0.70 ± 0.20); 24-hour : fixed ratio of 0.40 for plume heights up to 100m, then linearly interpolated to a ratio of 0.30 for plume heights above 200m (SCREEN3 – 0.40 ± 0.20) Annual: fixed ratio of 0.10 for plume heights up to 100m, then linearly interpolated to a ratio of 0.04 for plume heights above 200m (SCREEN3 – 0.08 ± 0.02).

15. Topics for Discussion Results from testing Experiences with ASCREEN versus operating AERMOD with MAKEMET alone Averaging factors: Results? Fixed vs varying? Multiple source screening? MAKEMET and “site-specific” minimum wind speed and anemometer height? Defaults? Building downwash and dependency on direction-specific building dimensions.

16. What is AERSURFACE? AERSURFACE is a tool that produces surface characteristics data (albedo, Bowen ratio & surface roughness) for use in AERMET and/or AERSCREEN Original program developed by Chris Arrington (WV DEP) and Larry Simmons (Energy & Environmental Management, Inc.) New version being developed by EPA with contractor support (MACTEC)

17. AERSURFACE Description EPA AERSURFACE program currently uses USGS NLCD 92 data – 21-category land cover classification scheme – 30 m spatial resolution – Currently supports State files AERSURFACE includes updated tables of seasonal variations for surface characteristics data by land use category

18. NLCD Land Use Categories

19. AERSURFACE Surface Characteristics

20. AERSURFACE Status Draft AERSURFACE design document submitted to RO’s for review July 2006 Comments received from Regions and States, especially regarding draft look-up tables Draft version of AERSURFACE for RO review expected by end of May/early June, including updated tables of surface characteristics Updated tables and draft user’s guide sent to AIWG for review last week

21. AERSURFACE Status Recent revision to calculating area-weighted averages for surface characteristics: – Incorporated inverse-distance-squared weighting to account for increased width/area of sector with distance Additional options for calculating “effective” surface characteristics may still be explored: – “Blending height” concept and averaging ln (z o ) for surface roughness – Geometric mean or “harmonic-like” average for Bowen ratio

22. Draft AERSURFACE Design There will be default values/functions but users will be given choices: – Number of sectors (up to 12) – Radius used to evaluate land use data – Output monthly, seasonal, annual data – Wet/dry/normal conditions for Bowen ratio – Snow vs. no snow cover – Arid vs. Non-arid – Airport vs. Non-airport location

23. Applying AERSURFACE

24. USGS NLCD 92: Example data

26. AERMET Input from AERSURFACE FREQ_SECT ANNUAL 12 SECTOR 01 000 030 SECTOR 02 030 060 SECTOR 03 060 090 SECTOR 04 090 120 SECTOR 05 120 150 SECTOR 06 150 180 SECTOR 07 180 210 SECTOR 08 210 240 SECTOR 09 240 270 SECTOR 10 270 300 SECTOR 11 300 330 SECTOR 12 330 360 SITE_CHAR 1 01 0.11 0.89 0.7122 SITE_CHAR 1 02 0.10 0.97 0.9448 SITE_CHAR 1 03 0.10 0.94 0.9267 SITE_CHAR 1 04 0.11 0.89 0.7482 SITE_CHAR 1 05 0.11 0.94 0.7436 SITE_CHAR 1 06 0.10 0.99 0.9336 SITE_CHAR 1 07 0.10 0.99 0.9313 SITE_CHAR 1 08 0.10 0.97 0.8699 SITE_CHAR 1 09 0.10 0.97 0.8888 SITE_CHAR 1 10 0.10 0.94 0.8399 SITE_CHAR 1 11 0.10 0.97 0.9241 SITE_CHAR 1 12 0.11 0.58 0.5064

27. Questions