1. Slavery, Freedom, And The Struggle For Empire, To 1763

2. ANALYZE “The growth and prosperity of the emerging society of free colonial British America... were achieved as a result of slave labor” “The idea of slavery being connected with the black color, and liberty with the white.” Quaker John Woolman “The growth and prosperity of the emerging society of free colonial British America... were achieved as a result of slave labor” “The idea of slavery being connected with the black color, and liberty with the white.” Quaker John Woolman

3. Chesapeake Slavery Tobacco Plantations - 270,000 slaves in 1770 (1/2 of the population in the region) 1/2 of all whites families owned at least one slaves Laws centered around a master’s power over his human property Tobacco Plantations - 270,000 slaves in 1770 (1/2 of the population in the region) 1/2 of all whites families owned at least one slaves Laws centered around a master’s power over his human property Large Plantation Owners Small Convicts Indentured Servants Slaves

4. Discrimination of Free Blacks Can’t employ whites servants Can’t bear arms Special taxes Punished for striking a white person Couldn’t vote (even if they owned property) Virginia law required freed slaves to leave the colony Can’t employ whites servants Can’t bear arms Special taxes Punished for striking a white person Couldn’t vote (even if they owned property) Virginia law required freed slaves to leave the colony

5. Slavery in Carolina Enslaved natives - sold them to the West Indies for profit Used the Creek tribe to help them capture natives from other tribes Creeks leader preferred to deal with the Spanish, who “enslave no one as the English do.” Enslaved natives - sold them to the West Indies for profit Used the Creek tribe to help them capture natives from other tribes Creeks leader preferred to deal with the Spanish, who “enslave no one as the English do.”

6. Slavery in Carolina Rice becomes main cash crop due to slavery of Africans By 1770, had more slaves in population than any other colony (1/2 in SC and NC 2/3 was black) One rice plantation had 76 white males and 1000 slaves Wealthiest slave owners in this area Promised poor immigrants land to try to bring more whites to the area Rice becomes main cash crop due to slavery of Africans By 1770, had more slaves in population than any other colony (1/2 in SC and NC 2/3 was black) One rice plantation had 76 white males and 1000 slaves Wealthiest slave owners in this area Promised poor immigrants land to try to bring more whites to the area

7. Slavery in the North (New England and Middle) Small % of population Unusual for rich to own more than one slave Farm hands, dock workers, personal servants Laws less harsh than the South (not seen as a threat) Slaves could marry, physical punishment prohibited, could sue, testify, own property Small % of population Unusual for rich to own more than one slave Farm hands, dock workers, personal servants Laws less harsh than the South (not seen as a threat) Slaves could marry, physical punishment prohibited, could sue, testify, own property

8. An Empire of FREEDOM What were the meanings of British liberty in the 18th century?

9. English GOVERNMENT “Balanced Constitution” Powers balanced (King, House of Commons, House of Lords) Representative Govt - less than 5% of British pop had the right to vote Military Power - The greatest in the world?

10. British “Liberty” Republicanism - Only rich property owners were able to participate in govt Supreme value of public service Property key to independence “Only a virtuous people are capable of freedom” Ben Franklin

11. British “Liberty” Liberalism - John Locke’s Social Contract (all men have natural rights) Natural, universal rights of the individual Consent of the governed Rule of law Govt is the protector of life, liberty, property Right of rebellion

12. The Public Sphere What concepts and institutions dominated colonial politics in the 18th century?

13. White Males Only Exclusions-certain religions, race, wealth 50-80% adult males were able to vote Britain was 5% The Right To Vote In The Colonies The Right To Vote In The Colonies

14. Appointed vs elected positions Power of governors over crown appoint officials veto colonial legislation Politics In The Colonies Right to hold office = land owners EX: SC had to own 500 acres and 10 slaves

15. Colonial Elites (large land owners, merchants, and lawyers) in charge “Salutary Neglect” = colonies were to govern themselves Colonial assemblies becoming more popular (appointed by gov) Colonial assembly different interests from crown appointed Politics In The Colonies

16. The Colonial Press Influence Freedom of Expression (Freedom of the Press) not allowed; could go to prison Zenger Trial - Arrested for speaking out about colonial govt corruption, found NOT guilty Politics In The Colonies

17. Enlightenment in America Ben Franklin; self educated, established a newspaper, debating club, and library also published Poor Richard’s Almanack, conducting experiments to show lightening was a form of electricity

18. The Great Awakening How did the Great Awakening challenge the religious and social structure of British North America?

19. Religious materials (Bible) most printed documents Great Awakening - a revival of Christianity diminished religious devotion rising commercialism “new birth that makes sinners free” “Surrender your life to Christ and you will be saved” George Whitefield (Evangelical) Religion In The Colonies

20. Imperial Rivalries How did the Spanish and French empires in America develop in the 18th century?

21. SPAIN In The Colonies

22. Not highly populated area (NM, Texas, Florida, California) Relationship with Natives Convert to Christianity (CA missions) Transform them from hunters/gatherers to farmers/craftsmen Forced labor Many died from disease or moved

23. FRANCE In The Colonies

24. Trade Focused - Good relationship with Natives Forts and trading posts along western frontier of British colonies Less population than British colonies New World was seen as a place bad people go back in France

25. Battle For The Continent What was the impact of the Seven Years’ War on imperial and Indian-white relations?

26. The Middle Ground Ohio Valley Area Ohio Company claims the land French, British, and Natives fighting for land Natives keep getting pushed out Fighting back meant suicide

27. The Seven Years War AKA The French and Indian War The Seven Years War AKA The French and Indian War Battle started over Ohio Valley area Indian and French join together to fight the British (at first they were winning) Britain raised money and sent over men and naval forced to defeat the French Outside help Other countries (Prussia and Austria) Natives/Colonist

28. The aftermath: A World Transformed Peace of Paris (1763)- France gave Canada to Britain for a few islands Spain gave Florida to Britain for the Philippines and Cuba France gave Spain the Louisiana territory Land east of the Mississippi belonged to Britain War costs high = raised taxes on the colonies to help pay for war

29. The aftermath: Native Relations Pontiac’s Rebellion French had give native land to the British - Natives must join together to reclaim their land and fight back Natives began to seize British forts Proclamation of 1763 came from England No settlements west of the Appalachian mountains were allowed Land was reserved for natives Only colonial govt could purchase these lands - not private citizens

30. The aftermath: Native Relations Pennsylvania Quakers rule comes to an end; policy of accommodation with the natives ends too Quakers resigned their seats in politics Gov declared war on hostile natives and offered a bounty for native scalps Paxton Boys-removal of all natives in the area Holy Experiment fails

31. The aftermath: Colonial Identities Albany Plan of Union (1754)- Ben Franklin plan to create a Grand Council of delegates from each colony to control taxes and deal with native relations (never sent to London for approval) Colonial interests were similar More British than ever (fought the war together English and colonists) British nationalism - global empire

32. George Washington Ignored Proclamation of 1763 and “bought” as much land as he could in secret