1. Effects of the Industrial Revolution

2. Negative Effects of Industrial Revolution
The cottage industry replaced by factory system
Factory conditions were harsh—men competed against women & children
Slave trade competed against free workers; Eli Whitney’s cotton gin increased demand for cotton, slave labor

3. Negative Effects of Industrial Revolution
Owners had complete control over workers
Women, children provided cheap labor
Children were assets on farm, liability in cities

4. Health and Living Conditions

5. Health and Living Conditions
Lower-class workers lived in Tenement homes near the factory; many families lived on 1 floor or same apartment
Areas around tenements were known as slums because of high crime, dirty streets, poor workers

7. Health and Living Conditions
Company towns—company owner would build apartment, own grocery, own schools, everything—workers got paid by owners, but had to buy all necessities in the owner’s stores

8. Company Town

9. Health and Living Conditions
By 1850, working conditions were so bad that an uprising became possible
Led to improvements in cities
Public Health Act 1875 forced towns to pave, light, and clean roads; appoint Medical Officer of Health
Problems with sewage, water supply, disease, food, housing were examined

10. Health and Living Conditions
Urban conditions improved dramatically:
Filters used to purify water
Sewers, public baths built
Sale of harmful food prohibited
Soup kitchens set up to feed unemployed workers
Established police force to make slums safer

11. Medical Improvements Edward Jenner— created first vaccine
Louis Pasteur— discovered bacteria & proved that they caused diseases
Marie and Pierre Curie—discovered radium and proved it emits energy. Used to develop x-rays

12. Child Labor

13. Child Labor
1832—committee set up to investigate child labor in factories; Shocking results
1833—limited 9 hour workday for ages 9-13; 12 hour workday for ages 13-18
1842—kids under 10 years cannot work in underground mines
Later acts limited working hours for women and children, made school mandatory, & forced owners to improve safety on machines

14. Unions

15. Unions
As urbanization increased (moving to cities), people discussed & identified similar problems
1700s—unions (clubs with members from same profession) were first formed for several reasons:
Get better pay
Work shorter hours
Better & safer working conditions

16. Growth of Democracy
Labor unions began to grow & gain power; By 1770s, nearly every trade had union & won better conditions
1871—290,000 workers in unions
1914—4,000,000 workers in unions
In 1884, Fabian Society formed—promoted good working conditions for workers through education & new laws

17. Unions
1870s—workers won right to strike (protest & not work) without being blamed for financial losses to company
Small unions joined together to form large unions; Eventually included all workers, not just skilled craftsmen

18. Class Struggles

19. Class Struggles
Inequalities of capitalism led to other ideas about economy; Socialism—government controls businesses; no wealthy or poor classes in society
Robert Owen—set up “utopian” socialist community based on cooperation

20. Class Struggles
Karl Marx outraged by inequalities of wealth & poor treatment of workers
Wrote Communist Manifesto—workers will rise up against owners & wealthy; Set up communism—economic system in which everyone is treated equally, all wealth shared, no need for any government

22. All are Economic Theories
Capitalism
Private ownership; profits; government stays out of economy
Government plays no role
All are Economic Theories
Socialism
Communism
Everyone Equal, Government controls businesses
Capitalism is bad, Equality
Everyone equal, working class uprising, no government