1. Red Meat

2. Nutrients of red meat Protein: HBV growth / repair / maintenance / energy / hormones. Fat – saturated: – energy / protection / insulation. Iron: haemoglobin / transport oxygen / prevents anaemia. Vitamin A / retinol – prevents night blindness / mucous membranes / visual purple. Vitamin D / cholecalciferol: absorb calcium / bones and teeth / prevents rickets – Phosphorus: – bones and teeth / release of energy. Sulphur: component of protein.

3. Nutrients of red meat Thiamin / Vit. B1 – release of energy from carbohydrate / nerve function. Riboflavin / Vit. B2 – release of oxygen from fat and protein. Water – body fluids / lubrication of joints / maintains body temperature. Vitamin B12 / cobalamin: requiered for the metabolism of the aminoacids and in the enzyme systems.

4. Reasons for toughness Long muscle fibres Thick muscle fibres Meat from an old animal Muscles have had most movement – e.g. neck / leg Muscles well developed Animal stressed before slaughter Meat not allowed to hang after slaughter Contains a large amount of collagen / connective tissue and gristle (cartílago) or elastin. Incorrect cooking method used e.g. dry method for a tough cut of meat Frozen meat not defrosted thoroughly before cooking etc.

5. Methods of tenderising meat before cooking Mince: cut into small pieces Score: shorten muscle fibres Beat: with hammer/ rolling pin to separate fibres. Hang Marinade: soak in wine, lemon juice, vinegar etc. Use enzymes: papain from papaya, bromalin from pineapple or ficin (from figs)

6. How tough meat becomes tender during cooking. Using a moist method of cooking, e.g. stewing / braising / boiling / steaming etc. Moisture penetrates between musclefibres. Do not use a dry method (roasting, baking, frying, grilling, BBQ) Collagen (insoluble, converted to gelatine that is soluble and easy to chew and to eat. Fat melts, meat shrinks, muscle fibres contract, protein denatures.

7. How tough meat becomes tender during cooking. Squeeze out extractives, pass into cooking water making a flavour gravy. Colour changes from red to brown converting oxymyoglobin to haemochrome. B vitamins dissolve in cooking liquid – thiamin destroyed by heat. Muscle fibres loosen, meat becomes tender. Protein coagulates on heating at 60°C

8. Processing soya to resemble meat Advantages: Soya is HBV protein, contains all indispensable amino acids Only vegetable source of HBV protein, useful for vegans / vegetarians More healthy than meat, low in fat, meat contains saturated fat linked to CHD Cheaper than meat Without shrinking, takes flavours from other food

9. Processing soya to resemble meat Advantages: Easy to transport, dehydrated easy to store, light to carry ( meat extender or meat replacement or substitute, e.g. sausages / mince / chunks Can mix with meat to give a cheaper product fortified with iron and vitamin from B group No risk of animal diseases – e.g. BSE /bird flu etc.

10. Processing soya to resemble meat Disadvantages Processed food, artificial additives may have been used to preserve the flavour, colour Some people try to avoid additives Long-term effect not known. May not like texture, cooking aroma Does not taste like meat