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OPERATION PROFESSIONAL CIRCLE A STEP TOWARDS GREEN POWER WIND ENERGY PRESENTED BY : RAJAN KUMAR VISHAL DUBEY SANJAY MITTAL SANJAY MITTAL INNOVATIVE MINDS.

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Presentation on theme: "OPERATION PROFESSIONAL CIRCLE A STEP TOWARDS GREEN POWER WIND ENERGY PRESENTED BY : RAJAN KUMAR VISHAL DUBEY SANJAY MITTAL SANJAY MITTAL INNOVATIVE MINDS."— Presentation transcript:

1 OPERATION PROFESSIONAL CIRCLE A STEP TOWARDS GREEN POWER WIND ENERGY PRESENTED BY : RAJAN KUMAR VISHAL DUBEY SANJAY MITTAL SANJAY MITTAL INNOVATIVE MINDS

2 PRESENT SCENARIO LETS HAVE A LOOK ON CONVENETIONAL SOURCES OF POWER

3 CURRENT INSTALLED CAPACITY THERMAL RENEWABLE HYDRO

4 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY OUTLOOK REPORT 2006  WORLD COAL CONSUMPTION WILL INCREASE FROM 5.4 BILLION TONNS TO 10.6 BILLION TONS IN 2030  COAL ACCOUNTED FOR 24% OF WORLD ENERGY  COAL RESERVES ARE DECRESING GRADUALLY 1174 BTons IN 1990 AND 1001 BTons IN 2003  COAL RESERVES FOR 180 YEARS ONLY COAL FORECAST

5 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY OUTLOOK REPORT 2006 OIL FORECAST  WORLD OIL DEMAND WILL INCREASE BY 47% FROM 80 BILLION barrel/day TO 118 BILLION barrels/day  DEMAND WILL INCREASE STRONGLY INSPITE OF HIGH OIL PRICES WITH MAJOR DEMAND COMING FROM INDIA AND CHINA  OIL PRODUCTION IS EXEPECTED TO INCREASE BY ONLY 11.8 BILLION barrels/day  RESREVES ARE FOR 80-90 YEARS ONLY

6 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY OUTLOOK REPORT 2006 NATURAL GAS  NATURAL GAS IS FASTEST GROWING ENERGY SOURCE  CONSUMPTION WILL INCREASE ANNUALY 2.45% FROM 95 TRILLION cubic feet IN 2003 TO 182 TRILLION cubic feet IN 2030  WORLD NATURAL GAS RESERVES ARE AROUND 6112 TRILLION cubic feet  WORLD NATURAL GAS RESERVES ARE FOR 67 YEARS ONLY

7 WHAT SHOULD WE DO NOW ? NOW IS THE TIME TO SERIUOUSLY THINK ABOUT ….. NOW IS THE TIME TO SERIUOUSLY THINK ABOUT ….. NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY RESOURCES

8 WE NEED TO CHANGE OUR PERCEPTIONS…..

9 DESIRED CAPACITY PLAN FOR 2012 THERMAL HYDRO RENEWABLE

10 NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY RESOURCES  SOLAR ENERGY  WIND ENERGY  SEA ENERGY  HYDRO POWER  BIOMAS  GEO THERMAL

11 RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL AS PER MNES - ESTIMATED POTENTIAL 82500 MW (2005) WIND BIOMASS SMALL HYDRO(<25 MW) WASTE HEAT RECOVERY

12 COST COMPARISON SOURCECAPITAL COST (RS. CRORES/MW) GENERATION COST (RS/KWHR) WIND POWER4.0 2.5-3.5 SMALL HYDRO3.5-6.01.50-3.5 SOLAR15.010.0 PHOTOVOLTAIC9.0 6.0

13 WHY WIND ?

14 BECAUSE… Wind Energy is the Fastest Growing Energy Source in the World!!

15 WHY SUCH GROWTH… COST! 1979: 16 RS/kWh  INCREASED TURBINE SIZE  R&D ADVANCES  MANUFACTURING IMPROVEMENTS 2004: 3 -3.5 RS/kWh 2000: 4 – 4.5 RS/kWh

16  CLEAN,POLLUTION FREE, RENEWABLE  NO FUEL COSTS  PRICE STABILITY  LOW OPERATING COSTS  LOCAL JOB CREATION  ENERGY INDEPENDENCE FROM FOREIGN FUEL SOURCES  CAN REDUCE GREEN HOUSE EFFECT IF USED IN PLACE OF FOSSIL FUEL PLANTS ADDITIONAL ADVANTAGES

17 WIND POWER HISTORY   FIRST ELECTRICITY GENERATING WIND TURBINE WAS BULIT IN DENMARK BY POUL LACOUR IN 1891  TILL 1950 WIND ENERGY WAS USED IN INDIA TO PUMP WATER FOR DOMESTIC USE AND IRRIGATION  MAJOR TECHNOLGY UPGRADATION HAS TAKEN PLACE IN LAST 20 YEARS

18 20 YEARS OF WIND POWER DEVELOPMENT 20 YEARS OF WIND POWER DEVELOPMENT198119851990199619992004 Rotor (meters) 101727405071 kW25100225550750 4.5 MW Efficiency21%25%28%31%33%40% MWh produced over 15 years 6753300825022,20033,000229091 Generation cost 15129.16.24.83.5

19

20 WORKING PRINCIPLE  The power P available from wind is given by: P = k ρ D² V³  where P is in watts, ρ (density of air) is measured in kg/m³, D (turbine blade length) is in m, v (velocity of wind) is in m/s and k is constant. wattsdensity of airwattsdensity of air

21

22 WIND TURBINE OUTPUT  GENRATION START AT WIND SPEED OF AROUND 6 METER/SEC  REACHES MAXIMUM AT AROUND 13 METER/SEC  SHUTDOWNS BEYOND 22 METER/SEC TO PREVENT STORM DAMAGE

23 TRANSMISSION OF POWER

24 FACTORS AFFECTING POWER EXTRACTION  HIGHER THE HEIGHT HIGHER THE WIND VELOCITY HIGHER THE WIND VELOCITY HIGHER THE POWER  AN INCREASE IN HUB ELEVATION FROM 30 METER TO 50 METER LEADS TO 7.6% HIGHER WIND VELOCITY

25 FACTORS AFFECTING POWER EXTRACTION  HIGHER THE DENSITY OF AIR - HIGHER THE POWER  MORE THE BLADE LENGTH – MORE THE AIR SWEPT – MORE THE POWER  SUFFICIENT SPACING – MINIMUM 5 TIMES BLADE DIA

26 TYPES OF WIND TURBINES SMALL (  10 KW)  HOMES  FARMS  REMOTE APPLICATIONS  (E.G. WATER PUMPING, TELECOM SITES) LARGE (250 KW - 2+MW)  CENTRAL STATION WIND FARMS  DISTRIBUTED POWER INTERMEDIATE (10-250 KW)  VILLAGE POWER  HYBRID SYSTEMS  DISTRIBUTED POWER

27 MODERN SMALL WIND TURBINE  HIGH TECH, HIGH RELIABILITY, LOW MAINTENANCE  ONLY 2-3 MOVING PARTS  VERY LOW MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS 10 kW 50 kW 400 W 900 W

28 LARGE WIND TURBINES  BASE TO BLADE HEIGHT 328 FEET  BLADE SIZE 112 FEET  WEIGHT 163.3 TONS  FOUNDATION 20 FEET DEEP  SUPPLY ATLEAST 350 HOMES LETS SEE 1.5 MW TURBINE

29 Rating: 3 kW rotor: 5 m hub height: 15 m Rating 100 kW rotor: 19.1 m hub height: 25 m Rating: 750 kW rotor: 58 m hub height: 65 m Rating: 1800 kW rotor: 70 m hub height: 85 m Boeing 747 wing span: 69.8m length: 73.5 m Rating: 4000 kW rotor: 112 m hub height: 100 m COMPARATIVE SIZE OF TURBINES

30 AGENCIES IN WIND PLANT INSTALLATION  UTILITY ENGINEERS  GEOPHYSICAL ENGINEERS  CONCRETE/STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING  TURBINE ENGINEERING (ME/EE/AEROSPACE)  SITE/CIVIL ENGINEERING  MICROELECTRONIC/COMPU TER PROGRAMMING  BUSINESS EXPERTISE (FINANCIAL)  LEGAL EXPERTISE  METEOROLOGISTS

31 WIND PLANT CLASSIFICATION   ONSHORE THESE ARE INSTALLED ON HILLS/RIDGES   OFF SHORE THESE ARE INSTALLED ON THE SEA

32 OFFSHORE WIND POWER PLANT ADVANTAGES HIGHER WIND SPEED RESULTS IN LOW TURBINE HEIGHT DISADVANTAGES HIGHER O&M COSTS DUE TO HARSH,CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENT AND TOUGHER APPROACH

33 ON SHORE POWER PLANT ADVANTAGES LOW O&M COSTS DUE TO EASY APPROACH DISADVANTAGES RELATIVELY LARGE TURBINE HEIGHT

34 WINDSITE PERSQUISITE  MINIMUM WIND VELOCITY OF ABOVE 5 METER/SEC OF ABOVE 5 METER/SEC  ACCESSABILITY FOR COMMISIONING  STRONG TERRAIN / SOIL FOR PROPER FOUNDATION / CIVIL WORK  FAVOURABLE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION TO PREVENT CORROSION & NOT PRONE TO CYCLONE CONDITION TO PREVENT CORROSION & NOT PRONE TO CYCLONE

35 WIND ENERGY - INSTALLED CAPACITY TOTAL INSTALLED CAPACITY IS 63000 MW INDIA RANKS FOURTH WITH 5340 MW

36 INSTALLED CAPACITY - INDIA

37 STATEWISE INSTALLED CAPACITY StateCumulative (MW) Andhra Pradesh120.6 Gujarat257.5 Karnataka443.4 Kerala2 Madhya Pradesh28.9 Maharashtra581.2 Rajasthan359.8 Tamil Nadu2432.2 West Bengal1.1 Others1.6

38 WIND SECTOR IN INDIA GOVERNMENT OF INDIA HAS ESTIMATED THE POTENTIAL OF 45000 MW OF WIND POWER THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA HAS ESTIMATED THE POTENTIAL OF 45000 MW OF WIND POWER THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY SO FAR ABOUT 7011MW CAPACITY HAS BEEN INSTALLED IN INDIA SO FAR ABOUT 7011MW CAPACITY HAS BEEN INSTALLED IN INDIA 211 SITES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED 211 SITES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED

39 WIND DENSITY PLOT OF INDIA AVERAGE WIND DENSITY >250 W/m²

40 POLICY INITIATIVES IN INDIA   80% DEPRECIATION IN THE FIRST YEAR   PAY BACK IN SHORTER DURATION   COST OF GENERATION IS ALMOST ZERO AFTER PAY BACK PERIOD   ZERO IMPORT DUTY ON CERTAIN PARTS   TAX HOLIDAYS FOR NEWER POWER PROJECTS FOR 5 YEARS

41 ESTIMATED INDIAN WIND POWER POTENTIAL Sl. No.StateGross Potential (MW) 1Andhra Pradesh8275 2Gujarat9675 3Karnataka6620 4Kerala875 5Madhy Pradesh5500 6Maharashtra3650 7Orissa1700 8Rajasthan5400 9Tamil Nadu3050 10West Bengal450 Total45195

42 INDIAN TURBINE MANUFACTURES 1 Suzlon Energy Ltd. 300-1250KW 2 Vestas RRB India Ltd. 500KW 3 NEPC India Ltd. 225KW 4 ENERCON INDIA LTD. 850KW 5 NEG Micon (India) Pvt. Ltd. 750-1500KW 6 GE India Industrial Private Ltd., Nadiad, Gujarat 1500KW

43 WORLD’S LARGEST WIND PLANTS ONSHORE  662 MW COMMISSIONED IN SEPTEMEBER 2006 IN TEXAS,USA  GE MADE 291 TURBINES OF 1.5 MW  SIEMENS MADE 130 TURBINES OF 2.3 MW

44 WORLD’S LARGEST PLANTS  165.6 MW COMMSIONED IN NYSTED, DENMARK  VESTAS MADE 72 TURBINES 2.3 MW  DENMARK PRODUCES 20% OF ITS COUNTRY POWER BY WIND POWER OFFSHORE

45 INDIA’S LARGEST WIND PLANT  COMMISSIONED BY SUZLON IN DHULE – SATARA,MAHARASHTRA  ASIA’S LARGEST WITH PRESENT CAPACITY OF 400 MW WITH 320TURBINES OF 1.25MW  SOON ITS GOING TO BECOME WORLD’S LARGEST AFTER COMMISSIONING 1000MW

46 NEW PLAYERS IN WIND POWER  HPCL TO INSTALL 100 MW IN KARNATAKA AND MAHARASHTRA( TENDERS ALREADY FLOATED FOR 25 MW PLANT)  ONGC TO INSTALL 350 MW IN GUJARAT IN TWO PHASES  NPCIL TO INSTALL 50 MW NEAR NUCLEAR PLANT IN KUDANKULAM  RELIANCE ENERGY HAS ALREADY INSTALLED 9 MW PILOT PROJECT IN KARNATKA

47 NTPC CORPORATE ACTION PLAN 2017  TO BECOME 75000 MW POWER GIANT IN THE COUNTRY  INTGERATING COAL MINES CUM POWER STATIONS  REDUCING DEPENDENCE ON FOSSIL FUELS BY DIVERSIFICATION INTO NUCLEAR, HYDRO  AS A LEADER IN POWER GENERATION UTILIZATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

48 WHAT NTPC CAN DO ? WHAT NTPC CAN DO ?  NTPC BEING THE FRONT RUNNER IN INDIA’S POWER SECTOR SHOULD TAKE INITIATIVE IN WIND SECTOR TO FULFILL OUR VISION AND MISSION  NTPC RECENTLY ANNOUNCED TO ENTER IN WIND POWER GENERATION  TO SET UP PLANTS IN TAMILNADU AND KARNATKA

49 OUR SUGGESTED SITES FOR NTPC WIND FARMS LOCATIONDISTRICT MEAN ANNUAL WIND VELOCITY MEAN ANNUAL POWER DENSITY AT 25 M (W/m2) MEAN POWER DENSITY AT 50 M (W/m2) MUPPANDALKANYAKUMARI/TN7.08406712 NAGUNDGADAG/KTK8.37530652 JOGIMATTICHITDURGA/KTK8.42498632 PARAMPUKE TTI IDUKI/KRL7.58470721 KAKLKONDACHITTOOR6.42332541

50 LETS STUDY 50 MW PLANT AT MUPANDAL  INSTALLATION COST – 200 CRORES  GENERATION AT 40% PLF – 161 MU/YEAR CONSIDERING 335 DAYS OF OPERATION CONSIDERING 335 DAYS OF OPERATION  BUYBACK RATE OF SEB IN TN – 2.9/KWH  REVENUE FROM PRODUCTION – 46.69 CRORES  O&M EXPENDITURE – 3.5 CRORES/YEAR

51 LETS USE THE HIDDEN POTENTIAL

52 WHAT… NEXT ?

53 CLEAN POWER GREEN POWER WIND POWER LAST TO SAY

54 NOW YOUR VALAUBLE QUESTIONS

55 BREAKDOWN OF CAPITAL COST

56  Rotational control  Maintenance  Noise reduction  Centripetal force reduction  Mechanisms  Stalling  Furling

57  Yaw Mechanism  To turn the turbine against the wind  Yaw error and fatigue loads  Uses electric motors and gear boxes  Wind turbine safety  Sensors – controlling vibrations  Over speed protection  Aero dynamic braking  Mechanical braking

58 INDIAN WIND POWER PLANTS RAJASTHAN JOINS THE RACE Rajasthan, known for its solar energy potential, has joined the race in wind power generation too. Though still way behind Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra, it has made a beginning in right earnest by establishing wind power projects with a total capacity of 14 MW at Jaisalmer, Devgarh and Phalodhi.

59 RAJSTHAN WIND POWER The State is endowed with a gross wind power potential of 5400 MW, which is higher than that of Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra, the current leaders in wind power generation. The State is endowed with a gross wind power potential of 5400 MW, which is higher than that of Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra, the current leaders in wind power generation. As a result, a wind power capacity of 14 MW has been established with an investment of about Rs. 70 crore. This comprises commercial projects of 7.6 MW capacity and demonstration projects of 6.4 MW capacity As a result, a wind power capacity of 14 MW has been established with an investment of about Rs. 70 crore. This comprises commercial projects of 7.6 MW capacity and demonstration projects of 6.4 MW capacity

60 RAJSTHAN WIND POWER The commercial wind power project of 2.76 MW capacity installed at Jaisalmer has achieved a capacity utilization factor of 27% despite being in a moderate windy location. The wind machine availability in this project has been of the order of 95-99 per cent. The commercial wind power project of 2.76 MW capacity installed at Jaisalmer has achieved a capacity utilization factor of 27% despite being in a moderate windy location. The wind machine availability in this project has been of the order of 95-99 per cent.

61 INDIAN WIND POWER PLANTS PROJECT IN KARNATAKA The demonstration project at Kapatagudda in Karnataka has achieved the highest capacity utilization factor of 32% attracting the attention of private sector for development of commercial projects in the State.

62 A 8.4 MW commercial wind farm project in Karnataka. The wind turbine availability in this project has been above 95 per cent.

63 ANDRAPARDESH WIND POWER THE KADAVAKALLU WINDFARM The 20-MW Kadavakallu Windfarm in Andhra Pradesh, India was constructed by RCI.Power (an Independent Power Producer) with the help of the Non- Conventional Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh Ltd (NEDCAP). It was completed in 2001 and is the largest windfarm at Kadavakallu in the Ananthapur region of Andhra Pradesh.The windfarm has benefited from the Andhra Pradesh government’s favourable policies for wind power development, particularly the wind estate scheme of NEDCAP. The windfarmsells power to the Andhra Pradesh Transmission Company (AP Transco) at a remunerative power purchase price that will be escalated by 5% every year.

64 THE KADAVAKALLU WINDFARM LESSONS LEARNED LESSONS LEARNED The project was built at a location with a reasonably good wind resource and good The project was built at a location with a reasonably good wind resource and good financial and fiscal incentives for windfarm development. This enhances the project’s financial and fiscal incentives for windfarm development. This enhances the project’s financial viability. financial viability. A large number of turbines, concentrated at one windfarm site, allows for favourable A large number of turbines, concentrated at one windfarm site, allows for favourable economies of scale in regard to planning, development, construction, operation and economies of scale in regard to planning, development, construction, operation and maintenance costs. maintenance costs. The project breaks even shortly after the repayment of its debt and continues to The project breaks even shortly after the repayment of its debt and continues to generate profits over the remainder of its life. A longer debt term would lead to an generate profits over the remainder of its life. A longer debt term would lead to an even earlier break-even. even earlier break-even.

65 WIND POWER PLANT PLF IN INDIA The highest capacity utilization factor of 39% has been achieved in a commercial project at Jogimatti in Karnataka. Another commercial project of 2.76 MW capacity, installed in Rajasthan, has indicated a capacity utilization factor of 27% despite being on a moderate windy zone. The highest capacity utilization factor of 39% has been achieved in a commercial project at Jogimatti in Karnataka. Another commercial project of 2.76 MW capacity, installed in Rajasthan, has indicated a capacity utilization factor of 27% despite being on a moderate windy zone.

66 Power curve for a 1.65 MW wind turbine

67 INDIAN WIND POWER GENERATION DATA

68

69 TOTAL GENERATION FROM WIND POWER PROJECTS (MU) TOTAL GENERATION FROM WIND POWER PROJECTS (MU) (as on 30.06.03) TOTAL GENERATION FROM WIND POWER PROJECTS (MU) State Generation (MU) Andhra Pradesh 522.11 Gujarat1,174.98 Karnataka442.17 Kerala15.86 Madhya Pradesh 147.55 Maharashtra1,297.19 Tamil Nadu 8,186.79 Rajasthan56.83 West Bengal 1.08 Others1.17 Total11,845.73

70 India's Largest Windpower Facilities (10 MW and Greater) Power Plant Owner Location Total Capaci ty (MWe ) CityState Vankusawade Wind Park Suzlon Energy Ltd. Satara Dist. Maharashtra259 Cape Comorim Aban Lloyd Chiles Offshore Ltd. Cape Comorim Tamil Nadu 33 Kayathar Subhash Subhash Ltd. Kayathar Tamil Nadu 30 Ramakkalmedu Subhash Ltd. RamakkalmeduKerala 25 Muppandal Wind Muppandal Wind Farm Muppandal Tamil Nadu 22 Gujdimangalam Gujdimangalam Wind Farm Gujdimangalam Tamil Nadu 21 Puthlur RCI Wescare (India) Ltd. Puthlur Andhra Pradesh 20

71 India's Largest Windpower Facilities (10 MW and Greater) Lamda Danida Danida India Ltd. LamdaGujarat 15 Chennai Mohan Mohan Breweries & Distilleries Ltd. Chennai Tamil Nadu 15 Jamgudrani MP MP Windfarms Ltd. Dewas Madhya Pradesh 14 Jogmatti BSES BSES Ltd. Chitradurga Dist. Karnataka 14 Perungudi Newam Newam Power Company Ltd. Perungudi Tamil Nadu 12 Kethanur Wind Farm Kethanur Tamil Nadu 11 Hyderabad APSRTC Andhra Pradesh State Rapid Transit Corp. Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh 10 Muppandal Madras Madras Cements Ltd. Muppandal Tamil Nadu 10 Poolavadi Chettinad Chettinad Cement Corp. Ltd. Poolavadi Tamil Nadu 10

72 WIND POWER DEVELOPMENT

73 WIND PLANTS peak wind season between May and October peak wind season between May and October The Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C- WET), which has been functioning at Chennai, acts as the technical focal point for wind power development in the country. C-WET also provides assistance to the industry in design and development of wind turbines suited for Indian wind, grid and climatic conditions. It had tested two wind turbines during 2000-01 The Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C- WET), which has been functioning at Chennai, acts as the technical focal point for wind power development in the country. C-WET also provides assistance to the industry in design and development of wind turbines suited for Indian wind, grid and climatic conditions. It had tested two wind turbines during 2000-01

74 WHAT NTPC CAN DO  BY STARTING A PILOT PROJECT IN NTPC KAWAS  SURAT HAS MEAN ANNUAL WIND VELOCITY ABOVE 19 KMPH  RESULTING IN MEAN ANNUAL WIND POWER DENSITY OF 212 WATTS PER SQ. METER (ABOVE 50)  BY INSTALLING A 1 MW TURBINE AT 30% CAPACITY FACTOR WILL GENERATE 2.5 MILLION UNITS PER ANNUM WITH NO FUEL COST

75 WHAT NTPC CAN DO BY STARTING A PILOT PROJECT IN NTPC KAWAS BY STARTING A PILOT PROJECT IN NTPC KAWAS SURAT HAS MEAN ANNUAL WIND VELOCITY ABOVE 19 KMPH SURAT HAS MEAN ANNUAL WIND VELOCITY ABOVE 19 KMPH RESULTING IN MEAN ANNUAL WIND POWER DENSITY OF 212 WATTS PER SQ. METER (ABOVE 50) RESULTING IN MEAN ANNUAL WIND POWER DENSITY OF 212 WATTS PER SQ. METER (ABOVE 50) BY INSTALLING A 1 MW TURBINE AT 30% CAPACITY FACTOR WILL GENERATE 2.5 MILLION UNITS PER ANNUM WITH NO FUEL COST. BY INSTALLING A 1 MW TURBINE AT 30% CAPACITY FACTOR WILL GENERATE 2.5 MILLION UNITS PER ANNUM WITH NO FUEL COST.

76 CONTROL OF POWER FROM WIND TURBINE As the power in the wind increases with the cube of the wind speed, all wind turbines need to limit the power output in very high winds. There are two principal means of accomplishing this, with pitch control on the blades or with fixed, stall-controlled blades. Pitch- controlled blades are rotated as wind speeds increase so as to limit the power output and, once the "rated power" is reached, a reasonably steady output can be achieved, subject to the control system response. Stall-controlled rotors have fixed blades which gradually stall as the wind speed increases, thus limiting the power by passive means. These dispense with the necessity for a pitch control mechanism, but it is rarely possible to achieve constant power as wind speeds rise. Once peak output is reached the power tends to fall off with increasing wind speed, and so the energy capture may be less than that of a pitch-controlled machine. The merits of the two designs are finely balanced, which accounts for the roughly equal numbers of machines. As the power in the wind increases with the cube of the wind speed, all wind turbines need to limit the power output in very high winds. There are two principal means of accomplishing this, with pitch control on the blades or with fixed, stall-controlled blades. Pitch- controlled blades are rotated as wind speeds increase so as to limit the power output and, once the "rated power" is reached, a reasonably steady output can be achieved, subject to the control system response. Stall-controlled rotors have fixed blades which gradually stall as the wind speed increases, thus limiting the power by passive means. These dispense with the necessity for a pitch control mechanism, but it is rarely possible to achieve constant power as wind speeds rise. Once peak output is reached the power tends to fall off with increasing wind speed, and so the energy capture may be less than that of a pitch-controlled machine. The merits of the two designs are finely balanced, which accounts for the roughly equal numbers of machines.

77 WIND SPEED COMPARISON WITH COST Wind speed is the primary determinant of electricity cost, on account of the way it influences the energy yield so, roughly speaking, developments on sites with wind speeds of 8 m/s will yield electricity at one third of the cost for a 5 m/s site. Offshore wind speeds are generally higher than those onshore. Wind speed is the primary determinant of electricity cost, on account of the way it influences the energy yield so, roughly speaking, developments on sites with wind speeds of 8 m/s will yield electricity at one third of the cost for a 5 m/s site. Offshore wind speeds are generally higher than those onshore.

78 FACTS & FIGURE Largest Rating of WEG installed 2 MW, Suzlon, Tamil Nadu Largest Rating of WEG installed 2 MW, Suzlon, Tamil Nadu Highest Hub Height of WEG installed 80 m, Suzlon 2 MW Highest Hub Height of WEG installed 80 m, Suzlon 2 MW –Maximum Rotor diameter of WEG installed 88 m, Suzlon 2 MW

79 FACTS & FIGURE Maximum Installation in a State 2404 MW, Tamil Nadu Maximum Installation in a State 2404 MW, Tamil Nadu Maximum estimated gross wind power potential in a State 9675 MW, Gujarat Maximum estimated gross wind power potential in a State 9675 MW, Gujarat Maximum extrapolated Mean Annual Wind Power Density of a Site at 50 m height amongst the MNES notified sites 721 W/m2,Perampukettimedu, Kerala Maximum extrapolated Mean Annual Wind Power Density of a Site at 50 m height amongst the MNES notified sites 721 W/m2,Perampukettimedu, Kerala Maximum extrapolated Mean Annual Wind Speed of a Site at 50 m height amongst the MNES notified sites 32.7 kmph, Jogimatti, Karnataka Maximum extrapolated Mean Annual Wind Speed of a Site at 50 m height amongst the MNES notified sites 32.7 kmph, Jogimatti, Karnataka Maximum No. of Wind Monitoring Stations Installed in a State 84 Nos., Maharashtra Maximum No. of Wind Monitoring Stations Installed in a State 84 Nos., Maharashtra Highest elevation at which windfarm Established 1100m.a.s.l at Vankusawade, Maharashtra Highest elevation at which windfarm Established 1100m.a.s.l at Vankusawade, Maharashtra Highest capacity addition in a financial year 1111 MW during the year 2004-05 Highest capacity addition in a financial year 1111 MW during the year 2004-05

80 PLF CONSIDERATION  BIOGAS PLANTS- 90%  COMBINED CYCLE -70% TO 85 %  NUCLEAR/COAL PLANTS – 65% TO 85%  HYDRO PLANTS – 30% TO 50%  SEA WAVE PLANTS – 25 %  WIND PLANTS – 25% TO 40%

81 INDIRECT CONNECTION WIND TURBINES

82 GRID DIAGRAM

83 Impacts of Wind Power: Noise Modern turbines are relatively quiet Modern turbines are relatively quiet


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