1. August 2008 Biotechnology Pest resistance Herbicide resistance Environmental stress resistance Nutritionally complete plants Flowers with unusual colors Delayed ripening/softening Specific nutritional qualities Product uniformity Pest resistance Herbicide resistance Environmental stress resistance Nutritionally complete plants Flowers with unusual colors Delayed ripening/softening Specific nutritional qualities Product uniformity Original PowerPoint Created by Horticulture (tamu edu) Modified by Georgia Agriculture Education Curriculum Office June 2002

2. August 2008 Central Dogma of Molecular Biology DNARNAProtein replication transcriptiontranslatio n

3. August 2008 Proteins Enzymes = catalysts Structural Components, e.g., membranes, cytoskeleton

4. August 2008 Proteins Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds HO CN H 2 N CCOOHH di-peptide (2 amino Racids); tri-peptide (3); R = variable group polypeptide (>3) 20 common amino acids differ by the `R’ group

5. August 2008 DNA vs. RNA 4 bases: guanine (G), cytosine (C), adenine (A), thymine (T) G-CA-T deoxyribose sugar double stranded nucleus 4 bases: guanine (G), cytosine (C), adenine (A), uraacil (U) G-CA-U ribose sugar single stranded rRNA, mRNA, tRNA synthesized in nucleus (nucleoi for rRNA); function in cytosol

6. Major Compounds of Life MacromoleculeSimple MoleculeStructure 4. Nucleic Acids nucleotides (DNA + RNA)(sugar + phosphate + N-base) (DNA + RNA)(sugar + phosphate + N-base) N N N N NH 2 O HO - P - O HO - P - O O O OH OH adenine(N-base)ribose(sugar) phosphoric acid

7. August 2008 Function: Major Compounds of Life Nucleic Acids –genetic information/heredity –protein synthesis

8. August 2008 RNA rRNA –RNA + protein form ribosomes mRNA –carries DNA code to cytosol for protein synthesis on the ribosomes –read in triplets called codons (5’ to 3’) tRNA –carries amino acids to mRNA and matches up by base-pairing of triplet anti-codon with mRNA codon triplet

9. 5’3’ T G G C A TT C A C G A T T GG A C A A C C G T AA G T G C T A A CC T G T 3’5’ Double-Stranded DNA Molecule H- bonds sugar-P backbone (phospho-diester bonds) complementary base-pairing

10. 5’3’ T G G C A TT C A C G A T T GG A C A A C C G T AA G T G C T A A CC T G T 3’5’ TRANSCRIPTION 3’ 5’ UA C G A C U U A C G G U RNA strand DNA RNA

11. 5’5’ 3’ U G G C C A U U C A C G A U TRANSLATION mRNA triplet codons A C C G G U 3 triplet anti-codons tRNA’s amino acids/ peptide chain A AG 1 2 4 5 RNAProtein