1. Agenda Check In Review notes Glaciers WATER Who’d’a Thunk: Karaoke means “empty orchestra” in Japanese.

2. Check In! 1.Draw and label the phases of the water cycle. 2.What drives the water cycle? 1.Drinking water is direct or indirect? 2.Water used for agriculture is direct or indirect? 3.How many watersheds does Canada have? 4.What is a Watershed? 5.Why is water important?

3. Glaciers Topic 2

4. Glaciers Glaciers are large bodies of moving mass of ice and snow

5. Ice Cap A glacier that forms on an area of relatively level land and flows out from its source

6. Ice Field Area of ice that feeds two or more glaciers Columbia Icefield, anyone?

7. How do Glaciers form? Start as snowflakes Accumulation of snowflakes Weight of snow creates pressure that changes ice crystals into glacial ice (ice which creates the glacier)

8. Types of Glaciers Valley Glaciers-form high in the mountains and move between valleys Continental Glaciers/Icecaps-cover large areas of land (ex: cover Antarctica) ?

9. What if… If a glacier falls over a steep cliff and breaks, an icefall results. Cracks in the ice can result across the entire glacier; this is called a crevasse

10. Glaciers The area where the glacier develops is called a cirque- a steep, bowl-shaped mountain valley The gradual buildup of deep snow and ice forms a neve at the head of a glacier. The neve is the region of the glacier where snow packs down and forms ice When the neve becomes more than 33m deep it begins to slide downhill because of the force of gravity

11. Glacial Movement Glacial movement depends on the climate In colder climates, less melting occurs. This causes the glacier to grow and move forward; we call this an advancing glacier In warmer climates, the glacier melts faster and leaves rocks soil and boulders behind; we call this a retreating glacier

12. Glaciers A glacier moves because the heavy pressure of the ice causes friction with the rock underneath it. The friction melts the ice, creating water, and the glacier moves down the mountain.

13. Glaciers When the ice moves, it cracks and folds as it moves across the landscape. Eventually, the ice flows downhill far enough to an area where it will melt in the spring or summer. The movement of glaciers depends on the climate. – In cooler climates, little melting occurs – In warmer climates more melting occurs

14. Glaciers Glaciers push large amounts of dirt ahead of them as they travel down a valley Pieces of rock freeze into the layer of ice under a glacier and act like sandpaper, smoothing the rock underneath the glacier. Glaciers can even push large boulders, called glacial erratics.

15. Glaciers After a glacier has melted, it leaves difference shaped piles of rock; smooth-bottomed, U- shaped valleys and kettle lakes

16. Pack Ice & Ice Bergs Pack Ice is a sheet of ice that is ~5 metres thick and breaks easily This usually happens in frozen seawater when large pieces break off (ICE BERGS) Ice Bergs are large chunks of ice that calve from continental glaciers

17. As glaciers advance or retreat they create features that shape the landscape Valley glaciers erode (carve) bowl-shaped basins (cirques) into the side of mountains Ridges form when 2 or more glaciers erode from 2 different directions. This ridge is called and arete If sharpened peaks are formed, we call it a horn

19. Glacial Deposition The collection of materials that are left behind after a glacier breaks down and melts is called till Ridges that develop from mounds of till are called moraines

20. Erosion vs. Deposition Glacial Erosion: As glaciers move, they act like bulldozers and leave striations (scratches) over the land Deposition: Glacier begins to melt and don’t have enough energy to carry sediment.

21. Meltwater Water formed by the melting of snow and ice Materials deposited by the meltwater is called outwash The remaining ridges of sand and gravel left behind is called an esker A millwell is a rounded drain in the ice that is chiseled and shaped by a stream

22. Climate vs. Weather Climate is the average weather measured over a long period of time Weather refers to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity

23. Water and Climate Large bodies of water, like the oceans and the Great Lakes, influence the weather and climate in their regions. It takes a very long time to raise and lower the temperature of water The main effect that this has on climate in an area is to prevent extremes in temperatures

24. Climate Changes The greenhouse effect and global warming are unrelated events that affect the average temperature on earth. Why?! The greenhouse effect=natural warming of Earth caused by greenhouse gas emissions Global Warming-Increase of greenhouse gases (more heat trapped, melting ice and widespread flooding)