2. PRESENTED BY:- P.VIJAY BHASKER REDDY. E.MUNEENDRA. Department of Mechanical Engineering St. Johns College of Engineering & Technology Yerrakota, Yemmiganur-518360, Kurnool (Dist.), A.P (Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur) 2010-2011

3.  With the increasing demand for fossil fuels, a stronger threat to clean environment is being posed as the burning of fossil fuels is associated with dangerous emissions like CO, SO x, NO x and particulate matter, which are currently the dominant global source of emissions.  These emissions are major causes of air pollution and hence of the environment.  But once if we think of these reserves one day or the other they may exhaust.  Today energy crisis is world wide because conventional forms of energy supply and consumption are causing serious economical as well as environmental problems.

4.  It was noticed that oxygen flow at 25% would have major influence on performance and emissions.  To find the performance characteristics of (DI) diesel engine for the enrichment of oxygen in the intake air, a test was conducted with oxygen flow of 25% in the order.  It was found that 25% oxygen enrichment in the inlet air results 10% oxygen flow in the optimum performance and emission characteristics.  The result shows that oxygen enrichment in the inlet air increase the brake thermal efficiency and subsequently decreases the brake specific fuel consumption were found.  It was also know that performance of diesel engine increases.

5. An engine is a device, which transforms one form of energy into another form. While transforming energy from one form to another, the efficiency of conversion plays an important role. Normally, most of the engines convert thermal energy into mechanical work and therefore they are called “heat engines”. Heat engine is a device that transforms the chemical energy of a fuel into thermal energy and utilizes this thermal energy to perform useful work. Thus, thermal energy is converted to mechanical energy in a heat engine.

6. Harmful exhaust emissions from engines, rapid increase in the prices of petroleum products and uncertainties of their supply, have jointly created renewed interest among researchers to search for suitable alternative fuels. Compressed natural gas, propane, hydrogen, and alcohol-based substances (gasohol, ethanol, methanol, and other neat alcohols) all have their proponents. Although these fuels burn somewhat cleaner than gasoline, the use of all of them involves extensive modification of the engine. The ideal alternative fuel will be one that an engine would burn much more cleanly than conventional gasoline-powered IC engines without much modification of existing engines

7. The concept of using vegetable oil as a fuel goes dates back to 1900 AD when Dr. Rudolph Diesel, the inventor of CI engine used peanut oil to fuel one of his engines for demonstration at the Paris exhibition. Since then many vegetable/plant oils have been explored and possible difficulties identified such as high viscosity, poor atomization, coking of injector carbon deposits, increased wear and high smoking tendencies. To overcome these problems of high viscosity of vegetable oil, the use of vegetable /plant oil ester has been recommended. Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel made from vegetable oil and animal fats. It can act both as substitute and an additive to diesel fuel.

8. EXPERIMENTAL WORK :- The following equipment has been used for the experimental work carried out in thermal engine laboratory.

9. EXPERIMENTAL PHOTOGRAPH:-

10. Fig A.1 5H.P Electrically Loaded Diesel Engine Fig A.2 Control Panel

12. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE :- The experimental procedure is carried out through the following steps: Fill the fuel tank with clean diesel fuel. Connect the control panel to electrical main. Keep the engine exhaust valve to open position by operating the lever provided on engine head. Start the engine by cranking the crank shaft and simultaneously closing the exhaust valve lever provided on engine head. Electrical loading is applied to the engine of 2.2, 4.4, 6.6, 8.8,10 amps. The manometer readings are taken for air consumption, engine RPM reading using sensor and burette reading for fuel consumption. The procedure is repeated with different Blends C20, C40, C60, C100 of Cottonseed oil Results are tabulated and plotted.

13. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP FOR ENGINE PERFORMANCE TESTING Engine specifications:- EngineType: Kirloskar Four stroke cycle, high speed, Compressed ignition diesel engine Rated Speed : 1500 rpm Type : water-cooled engine Number of Cylinders : One Bore : 0.089 m Stroke : 0.110 m Maximum HP : 5 BHP Loading: Electrical D.C motor loading rheostat

14.  A number of engine tests were carried out to study the effect of oxygen enrichment with intake air. The engine was operated with diesel fuel at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. The tests were conducted in the following three phases  In the first phase, tests were carried out with diesel oil and air corresponding to 21% oxygen.  In the second phase, test was conducted to find out the max amount of oxygen mixed with intake air.

15.  In the third phase, optimum quantity of oxygen in the intake air in a diesel engine is determined by allowing the oxygen flow in the order of 5% to max level found from the previous test.  Admitting the oxygen in the proportions of 25%,50% and 75% of the inlet airflow from the high- pressure cylinder results in variation of performance and emission characteristics based on results obtained from the study, the max proportions of oxygen admission in the inlet air was found out.

16. GRAPHS :-

19. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS :-  The result presented here are with respect to the oxygen concentration in the inlet air at 25% by volume.  The effects of intake oxygen concentration on performance characteristics were shown as a function of engine load at 25% in take oxygen concentration when engine is fueled with diesel, C20,C40,C60,C80 and C100. Mechanical efficiency.:-  Mechanical efficiency at various loads of the engine with respect to the oxygen concentration in the inlet air at 25% by volume is shown.  The efficiency of diesel are slightly higher than that of C20, C40, C60, C60, C80 and C100 it can seen that for diesel at partial loads.

20. Brake thermal efficiency:  The variation of brake thermal efficiency with load for different fuels with respect to the oxygen concentration in the inlet air at 25% by volume is presented.  In all cases it increased with increase in partial load. This was due to reduction in heat loss and increase in power with increase in percent load.  The maximum brake thermal efficiency was obtained for diesel and C40. Indicated thermal efficiency: . Indicated thermal efficiency is higher for C60 than that of all other fuels that are used at all loads of engine operation.

21. On the basis of the current experimental investigation on a four-stroke, water cooled. DI diesel engine, the following conclusions are drawn. The major results of this experiment study are as follows. Fuel consumption at constant injection timing increase the break specific fuel consumption by oxygen enrichment. This is due to the improvement diffusion combustion. The Thermal efficiency increases with oxygen enrichment condition compare with that normal level. Peak combustion efficiency occurs at 25% oxygen concentration. It is possible to replace fossil fuel (Diesel) with all its economic and ecological disadvantages, with bio-fuels, which are renewable.

22. Cotton seed oil can be used along are mixed with any amount with diesel fuel. Cotton seed oil is safe to handle because it is biodegradable and nontoxic. Cottonseed oil is a liquid oil with a high content of linoleic acid. The blend of C20 (20% cotton seed oil & 80% diesel by volume) is found to give optimum performance.

23. R. Anand and N.V.Mahalakshmi ‘Effects of Corbon Dioxide, Nitrogen and Exhaust Gas with intake Air on DI Diesel Engine Emission and Performance Characteristics’ Proceedings of SAE India, International Mobility Engineering Congress and Exposition 2005, J.G.Suryawanshi and N.V.Deshpande, “Performance, Emission and Injection Characteristics of a CI Engine Fuelled with Honge Methyl Ester”. A national conference paper.. Malhotra R.K, and Das L.M, Biofuels as Blending Components for motor Gasoline and Diesel fuels, J. Scientific and Ind. Research, 62, 90, (2003 Jan – Feb). Scholl, K.W. and Sorenson, S.C. (1993). Combustion of a soyabean oil methyl ester in a direct injection diesel engine. SAE paper NO.930934. SAE, Warrendable, P.A.

24.  V.Ganeshan, a text book on I.C.Engines, Second edition 2003, P: 209-233  J.B.Haywood, a text book on Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, international edition,2002,P:823-886  H.C.Watson, Eric E Milking and G.R.Rigby. ‘A New Look at OxigenEnrichment. 1)The Diesel Engine’ SAE 900334, 2006 P 1  Website : www.journeytoforever.orgwww.journeytoforever.org  Website : www.veggiepower.org.ukwww.veggiepower.org.uk  Website : www.veggian.orgwww.veggian.org  Website : www.biodiesel.orgwww.biodiesel.org  Website : www.Cottonseedoil.netwww.Cottonseedoil.net

25. ANY QUERIES

26. THANK YOU