1. Must Do
Develop a mnemonic device to help you remember the 8 cranial bones of the skull. When you recite the device touch your skull where the bones are located.
Frontal
Parietal x2
Sphenoid
Temporal x2
Occipital
Ethmoid – (internal)

2. Parts of the skeletal system
Bones (skeleton)
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments
Two subdivisions of the skeleton
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton

3. Functions of Bones
Support the body
Protect soft organs
Allow movement due to attached skeletal muscles
Store minerals and fats
Blood cell formation

4. The adult skeleton has 206 bones Two basic types of bone tissue
Bones of the Human Body
The adult skeleton has 206 bones
Two basic types of bone tissue
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Small needle-like pieces of bone
Many open spaces
Figure 5.2b

5. Surface features of bones
Bone Markings
Surface features of bones
Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
Passages for nerves and blood vessels
Joint surfaces
Categories of bone markings
Projections or processes—grow out from the bone surface
Depressions or cavities—indentations

6. Must Do
Get out your “Bone Markings” tables and diagrams and work towards completing each page.

7. Bone Markings
Table 5.1 (1 of 2)

8. Bone Markings
Table 5.1 (2 of 2)

9. Classification of Bones: By Shape # 3
Long bones – longer than they are wide (e.g., humerus)
Heads at both ends
Mostly compact bone
Figure 6.2a

10. Classification of Bones: By Shape
Short bones
Cube-shaped bones of the wrist and ankle
(Calcaneus & Phalanx )
Mostly spongy
Figure 6.2b

11. Classification of Bones: By Shape
Flat bones – thin, flattened, and a bit curved (e.g., sternum, ribs and most skull bones)
Figure 6.2c

12. Classification of Bones: By Shape
Irregular bones – bones with complicated shapes (e.g., vertebrae and hip bones)
Figure 6.2d

13. #4 Gross Anatomy of the Typical Long Bone
Figure 6.3a

14. Must Do
Pick two bone markings
Imagine/predict where, on the skeleton, those two bone markings may exist based on their description.

15. #4 Structure of Long Bone
Figure 6.3

16. #4 Structure of Long Bone
Figure 6.3b

17. Made almost entirely of contact bone Diaphysis
Site of blood cell formation
Spongy Bone
3. Fibrous membrane that covers bone
Periosteum
4. Scientific term for end of bone
Epiphysis
5. Contains fat in adult bones
Yellow Marrow
6. Growth plate remnant
Epiphyseal Line (Metaphysis)
Yellow marrow

18. Structure of Long Bone
5. What differences between compact bone and spongy bone can be seen with the naked eye?
Compact bone appears solid while spongy bone has obvious spaces
Figure 6.3b

19. #7 Name the important bone components
1) Bones
A) Support
2) Ligaments
A) Connect Bone to Bone
3) Cartilage
A) Formative (Shape)
B) Articular (Padding in Joints)
C) Hylaine (Premature Bone)
Figure 6.3c

20. Skeletal System
Bone as Living Tissue
1) Bones Grow
2) Bones Mend
3) Bones are as strong as hollow copper tubing of the same size

21. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Osteon (Haversian system)
A unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings
Central (Haversian) canal
Opening in the center of an osteon
Carries blood vessels and nerves
Perforating (Volkman’s) canal
Canal perpendicular to the central canal

22. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Figure 5.3a

23. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Lacunae
Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)
Arranged in concentric rings
Lamellae
Rings around the central canal
Sites of lacunae

24. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Figure 5.3b–c

25. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Canaliculi
Tiny canals
Radiate from the central canal to lacunae
Form a transport system connecting all bone cells to a nutrient supply

26. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Figure 5.3b

27. #8 What is the function of calcium salts in bone?
Calcium salts are deposited into the organic matrix of the bone, giving the bone its' rigid structure and strength.
#9 Which is responsible for bone structure?
Inorganic portion
Organic Portion
Both contribute

28. #10 Trace the route taken by nutrients through a bone
4. Canaliculi
2. Haversian Canal
5. Osteocyte
1.Periosteum
3. Perforating
Canal

29. Microscopic Structure of Bone: Compact Bone # 11
Canaliculi (a) a
Central canal (b) b b c
Concentrac lamellae (c)
Matrix (d)
Lacunae (e) d e
Figure 6.6c