1. (Anticoagulant)

2. Is a substance that prevents blood from coagulation or clotting.
(Anticoagulant)
Is a substance that prevents blood from coagulation or clotting.
The most common anticoagulants used in hematology are:
EDTA: Ethylen Diamine Tetraacetic acid
Sodium citrate
Heparine

3. EDTA and sodium citrate prevent coagulation by removing calcium which is one of the essential factors in coagulation from the blood by precipitation.
Heparin acts by forming compiler with plasma anti-thrombin, which inhibits thrombin and other stages of clotting factor activation.

4. EDTA:
Its used in a concentration of 1 to 2 mg/ml of blood
It may be used for both hematology and chemistry tests, and is the preferred anticoagulant for blood cell counts (CBC), ABO Blood grouping.

5. 2) Sodium citrate:
The ratio is one part of 3.8% aqueous solution to nine parts of whole blood.
Its used for blood coagulation and platelet function studies (PT &PTT) and can be used for Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).

6. 3) Heparin:
Its concentration is 0.1 to 0.2 mg/ml of blood.
Its good for prevention of hemolysis but it is not satisfactory for leukocyte or platelet counts because of cell clumping. Its also produce a trouble some blue background in wrights stain.

7. Color code tube selection of anticoagulants commonly used
Stopper color
Additive
Notes
Red
No additive
Used for blood bank, some chemistries.
Collection of serum
10-15 min is required to allow blood to clot before centrifugation
Lavender
(purple)
EDTA
Collection of whole blood ( binds calcium)

8. Color code tube selection of anticoagulants commonly used
Stopper color
Additive
Notes
Green
Sodium or lithium heparin
Inhibits thrombin activation.
chemistry studies
Light blue
Sodium citrate
Coagulation studies (bind calcium) (PT &PTT) (ESR).

9. Color code tube selection of anticoagulants commonly used
Stopper color
Additive
Notes
Gray
Sodium fluoride & potassium oxalate: inhibits enolase (phosphopyrovate dehydrogenase)
Sodium iodoacetate: inhibits glocose-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
For glucose determination in chemistry
(stabilize glucose in plasma)
Yellow
Acid citrate dextrose (ACD)
For use in blood bank studies, HLA phenotyping, DNA and paternity testing
(preserves red cells)

10. Blood collection:
Blood sources for hematological tests are venous blood and capillary blood.
1) venous blood:
Some tests require a few cubic centimeter of blood. It is obtained from a vein. Vein puncture is usually obtained by drawing specimen of blood from a superficial vein  wrist, hand, or ankles.

11. 2) capillary blood:
Some tests may be performed with a few drops of blood, the blood is obtained from the lobe of the ear, finger tips or heal surfaces (in case of infants).

12. Blood bags

13. Blood Containers
Blood must be collected into an FDA-approved container that is pyrogen-free and sterile and contains sufficient anticoagulant for the quantity of blood to be collected.
The container label must state the type and amount of anticoagulant and the approximate amount of blood collected.
Blood bags may be supplied in packages containing more than one bag. The manufacturer’s directions should be followed for the length of time unused bags may be stored in packages that have been opened.
by Mohammed Abu-basha

14. Blood Collection
Whole blood is collected in clear plastic bags that contain different mixtures of anticoagulants:
Citrate: chelate calcium, preventing coagulation
Phosphate: prevents pH from dropping
Dextrose: provides nutrients to RBCs during storage
Adenine: maintains ATP

15. Anticoagulants Anticoagulants: CPD CP2D CPDA-1
Citrate, Phosphate, and Dextrose
21 day shelf life (at 1-6°C)
CP2D
Citrate, Phosphate, and 2Xdextrose
CPDA-1
Adenine added
35 day shelf life
Additive Solutions prolong red cell survival for 42 days