1. Bacteria & Viruses

3. 4 Ways to Identify Bacteria 1.Shape CocciBacillusSpirochete

4. 2.Cell Wall Peptidoglycan – in bacteria cell wall Gram (+) Purple Gram (-) Red

5. 3. Movement Flagella Slime Layer None

6. 4. How they get their energy Photoautotroph Chemoautotroph Heterotroph Photoheterotroph

7. Bacterial Reproduction & Growth Binary Fission Conjugation

8. Oxygen Needs of Bacteria Facultative Anaerobe Obligate Aerobe Obligate Anaerobe Oxygen at top

9. Nitrogen Fixation Process where bacteria on plant roots convert nitrogen gas in the air into ammonia Nitrogen is necessary for proteins and nucleic acids Mutualism! Both plant and bacteria benefit

10. Human uses for bacteria

11. Pathogens – Bacteria that cause disease Two Ways Bacteria Cause Disease Produce Toxins (Food poisoning) Damage Tissue

12. Controlling Bacterial Growth Antibiotics – Slows growth; does not kill bacteria Disinfectants – Chemical that kills bacteria Sterilization – Heat, pressure, gas that kills bacteria Refrigeration – Slows growth; does not kill bacteria Canning – High heat to kill bacteria Chemical Treatments – Preservatives in food; slows growth; does not kill

13. Virus – Obligate Parasite – Must have a host to survive and multiply DNA or RNA Capsid

14. Lytic Cycle of a Virus

15. Lysogenic Cycle of a Virus

16. How Vaccines Work

17. Oncogenic Viruses Disrupt cyclins that regulate cell growth

18. Retroviruses Have RNA which needs Reverse Transcriptase to convert into DNA and then added into host DNA for replication of virus

19. Prions – Infectious Proteins when eaten target specific tissues such as the brain Mad Cow Disease Scrapies in Sheep