1. Cardio-vascular system Cardio-vascular system Dr Pedro Amarante Andrade

2. OBJECTIVES By the end of the session and self directed reading students should; –Be able to name the component parts of the cardio vascular system. –Be able to describe the formation and function of these components –Be able to describe a range of conditions related to dysfunction within this system

3. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) Blood clot or thrombosisthrombosis Build up of fatty deposits inside an artery that cause the artery to harden and narrow (Athereosclesorsis)Athereosclesorsis http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Cardiovascular- disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx

4. WHAT IS BLOOD? Function: transport, protection and regulation Composition: Red and white blood cells, platelets and plasma Cells origin: Bone marrow Volume: 4 – 6 litres Types: A, B, AB or O (depend on certain substances) also can be Rh or D blood antigen

5. BLOOD COMPOSITION Extracellular matrix of the blood cells (55% of total blood volume) Leukocytes or white blood cells: Granulocytes Neutrophils, eosinophils & basophils Agranulocytes lymphocytes & monocytes Or thrombocytes, blood clot cells (hemostasis) White cell that digests cellular debris, foreign substances… Erythrocytes Deliver oxygen Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) Large Y-shaped proteins which function to identify and remove foreign antigens, viruses and bacteria Global Biodefense. News on pathogens and preparedness

6. BLOOD Haematocrit: measure of the viscosity of the blood (red blood cells) = male 0.45+/-0.05 & female 0.41+/-0.05; Blood clotting

7. BLOOD Haematocrit: measure of the viscosity of the blood (red blood cells) = male 0.45+/-0.05 & female 0.41+/-0.05; Blood clotting

8. BLOOD PROBLEMS Anaemia: deficiency of red cells or of haemoglobin in the blood, resulting in fatigue (most common= iron-deficiency) Polycythaemia: High concentration of red blood cells. Can be associated with respiratory or circulatory disorder. Hypoxia: oxygen deficiency Cyanosis: discoloration of the skin due to poor circulation (low oxygen) Haemorrhage: blood escaping from the circulatory system (bleeding) Thrombosis: Local coagulation or clotting of the blood Embolism: lodging of foreign body such as blood clot/air bubble in an artery blocking the blood flow ACQUIRED BRAIN INJURY (ABI)

9. EXTRA INFORMATION Haematocrit - is a measure of the viscosity or 'thickness' of the blood. Because red cells are filled with haemoglobin, the level of the haematocrit is related to the level of haemoglobin

10. ANATOMY OF THE HEART

11. BLOOD VESSELS Arteries: carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues except for pulmonary arteries (carry blood to the lungs for oxygenation); Arterioles: Smaller branches from arteries. Regulate flow of blood into tissues; Capillaries: Smallest of the body’s blood vessels. One cell thick. Site for oxygen and nutrients transfer; Venules: small blood vessel (microcirculation) allows deoxygenated blood to return from the capillary beds to the larger blood vessels called veins; Veins: carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart; Cerebral arterial circle: Circle of Willis;

12. BLOOD VESSELS Pulmonary trunk: major vessel of the human heart that originates from the right ventricle. It branches into the right and left pulmonary arteries, which lead to the lungs; Pulmonary arteries: Vessels transporting deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. (A common misconception is that all arteries carry oxygen-rich blood. It is more appropriate to classify arteries as vessels carrying blood away from the heart).

13. PATHOLOGY Oedema: excessive water fluid collection in the cavities or tissues of the body; Syncope: temporary loss of consciousness caused by a fall in blood pressure; Hypertension: abnormally high blood pressure; Cardiovascular event (CVE): stroke, clinical syndrome caused by disruption of blood supply to the brain; Myocardial infraction: heart attack, occur when blood flow stops to a part of the heart causing tissue damage;

14. BLOOD VESSELS

15. ANATOMY OF BLOOD VESSELS ENDOTHELIUM Single layer Barrier Secrete anti-clotting proteins

16. BLOOD VESSELS

17. THE HEART

18. Pathology Myocarditis: inflammation of the heart muscle Endocarditis: Inflammation of the inner layer of the heart Heart murmur: Extra or unusual sound heard during a heartbeat Myocardial ischaemia: low blood flow (oxygen) to the heart Infarction: Local death of tissue Bradycardia: Abnormal slow heart action Tachycardia: Abnormal rapid heart action Angina: Pain or discomfort in the chest region Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries (Ageing) Atherosclerosis: narrowing of arteries due to fat material on the inner walls