1. Question 1 1. Which of the content management theorist described motivation as a hierarchy of needs ? Hertzberg Maslow Alderfer

2. Question 2 2. Which management theorist described motivation in terms of distributive equity and procedural equity? Adams Vroom Alderfer

3. Question 1 – b) correct Yes - Abraham Maslow put forward the proposition that there are levels of need, each of which is dominant until it is satisfied; only then does the next level of need become a motivating factor. Physiological Needs Safety Needs Affiliation Needs Esteem Needs Self-Actualisation Needs Next Question

4. Question 1 – a) incorrect No that’s not right – Hertzberg developed a “Two Factor” theory “Hygiene Factors" "Motivating Factors" This suggested that things which prevent dissatisfaction are not the same as things which create satisfaction. He suggested that when people are dissatisfied [de-motivated] with their work it is usually because of discontent with environmental factors. He called these factors “Hygiene Factors" because, at best, they prevent or minimise dissatisfaction but do not give satisfaction. "Motivating Factors" on the other hand, create job satisfaction and can motivate an individual to superior performance and effort. Try Again

5. Question 1 – c) incorrect No that’s not right – Alderfer developed a theory known as “ERG” RelatednessGrowth He proposed three principle needs - Existence [E], Relatedness [R] and Growth [G]. Alderfer' s theory is often presented as a refinement of Maslow's Hierarchy. A criticism of Maslow is that the hierarchical nature does not allow for fluidity between levels, nor accounts for the fact that frustrations at one level may lead to a regression to the level below. Although, like Maslow, he considered that people move in a linear way from one stage to another, he regarded the stages as part of a continuum rather than a hierarchy and allowed for the frustration of needs and possible regression. Try Again

6. Question 2 – a) correct Yes – well done ! Distibutive equity Procedural equity Adams states that employees examine how fairly they have been treated in comparison with the treatment received by others. There are two forms of equity: Distibutive equity - this refers to the fairness with which people feel they are rewarded in accordance with their contribution and in comparison with others Procedural equity - this refers to employees' perceptions of the fairness of company procedures [ e.g. performance appraisal, disciplinary procedures, maternity / paternity arrangements ] Exit

7. Question 2 – b) incorrect No – Vroom’s Expectancy theory states that the strength of an individual's motivation will depend on the extent to which they expect the results of their efforts to contribute towards their personal needs or goals. He suggested that the strength of an individual's motivation is the product of two factors. 1. The strength of preference for a certain outcome - Vroom called this 'valence' stating that it could be positive, negative or zero - since outcomes might be desired, avoided or considered with indifference 2. The expectation that a particular outcome will result from certain behaviour - Vroom called this 'subjective probability' or 'expectancy', which refers to the individual's perception of the link between behaviour and outcome. It is represented by a number between 1 [probable] and 0 [no chance]. Try Again

8. Question 2 – c) incorrect No that’s not right – Alderfer developed a theory known as “ERG” RelatednessGrowth He proposed three principle needs - Existence [E], Relatedness [R] and Growth [G]. Alderfer' s theory is often presented as a refinement of Maslow's Hierarchy. A criticism of Maslow is that the hierarchical nature does not allow for fluidity between levels, nor accounts for the fact that frustrations at one level may lead to a regression to the level below. Although, like Maslow, he considered that people move in a linear way from one stage to another, he regarded the stages as part of a continuum rather than a hierarchy and allowed for the frustration of needs and possible regression. Try Again

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