1. The Rise of Totalitarianism
From Russia to the USSR
The Russian Revolution:
Political and Economic Factors after WWI:
The Soviet Union:

2. I. Background to the Russian Revolution
Reforms of Alexander II in the 1860s
Emancipation of the serfs
Local government reforms: zemstvos
Judicial reforms to include equality and trial by jury
Military Reform
Repression of Poland
Assassinated by People’s Will who wanted an end to the autocracy
Alexander III in 1880s
Revoked reforms of Alexander II
Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationalism

3. Nicholas II
Attempts at industrialization under Sergei Witte brought discontent (p.840)
Growth of Socialist Revolutionary Party
Defeat in Russo-Japanese War
Bloody Sunday Jan 1905
Turning point when people no longer believed they could trust the tsar or the government
October Manifesto – limited representative government through Duma (like a congress)
Went through 3 Dumas in 2 years (tsar could dissolve)

4. Failures of Nicholas II
Weak and incompetent leadership
Military failures in World War I
Massive casualties, widespread famine, strikes by workers etc.
Feb/March Revolution
Spontaneous strikes and worker demonstrations
Army did not support the Tsar & refused to fire on the demonstrations
March 15: Tsar Nicholas II abdicated, Provisional Government formed

5. Social Democratic Party
Menshevik
Marxists
Bourgeois before revolution
Failed: no control over army
Bolsheviks
Work against provisional government
Germany snuck Lenin into Russia
Cause trouble for Russia

6. Issues for the Provisional Government
Russian offensive in the war failed in summer 1917
Discipline in the army had disintegrated
Food shortages
Peasant land issue
Bolshevik undermining
Lenin and the “Peace, Land, Bread” speeches
Oct/Nov 1917 Bolshevik Revolution
Armed assault on the provisional gov’t
Led to Bolshevik victory and immediate withdrawal from the war
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Other reforms
nationalization of land (given to peasants)
seizure of church land for state
banks for the state

7. Communists Maintained Power From 1917-1991
Most durable and extensive 20th century authoritarian government

8. II. Vladimir I. Lenin Marxist-Leninist philosophy Comintern Cheka
War Communism
Kronstradt Rebellion (1921)
New Economic Policy (NEP)

9. War Communism
White Army (Allied support) vs. Red Army (Trotsky & the Bolsheviks)
Red Army Wins
Authoritarian Policies
Secret police  Cheka
Suppress opposition
Non-democratic
Government control
Banks
Heavy industry
Transportation
Food production
Created domestic opposition
“Peace, Land and Bread” fell apart

10. III. Struggle for Power vs.
Why was there a struggle for power when Lenin died? What were the options? How did Stalin rise to power?
Take 2 minutes to discuss this with a partner.
vs.

11. Stalin versus Trotsky Lenin Trotsky’s Position Stalin’s rise
NEP betrays Marxism
Criticized Stalin and Trotsky
Trotsky’s Position
Industrialization (paid for by peasants)
Revolutions elsewhere
Party should be able to criticize gov’t
Stalin’s rise
Master of bureaucracy
Nationalized socialist movement (don’t need others)

12. IV. Russia Under Stalin Five-year Plans Collectivization
Revolution from above
(1st Five Year Plan), 1928;
marked end of NEP
Objectives
Impossible, high plans
Decrease consumer goods
Increase industrial output (steel, coal, oil, electricity)
Collectivization
liquidation of kulaks as a class
Wealthy peasants  resisted collectivization
10 million dead due to collectivization (7 million in forced starvation in Ukraine)

13. V. Society under Stalin Structure of government Propaganda Religion
Central Committee was the apex of Soviet power (about 70 people in 1930s)
Politburo: About a dozen members; dominated discussions of policy and personnel
General Secretary: highest position of power; created by Stalin
Propaganda
Religion
Benefits for Workers
Women under Stalin’s rule
Great Terror, Show Trials & the Purges

14. Rise and Rule Chart Stalin Hitler Mussolini Method of obtaining power
Maintaining power
Economic policies
Dealing w/ Opposition
Use of media and propaganda
Foreign policy
Treatment of women
Treatment of minorities