1. Unit 10: Natural Selection 8 th Grade Science

2. Bell Ringer: 04/07/2016 Essential Question: How can I analyze my unit 8 test for strengths and weaknesses? Objectives: I can… Analyze my unit 8 test for strengths and weaknesses. Analyze my unit 10 pre – test for strengths and weaknesses. Read an article and discuss its importance. Bell Ringer: Copy and answer the question in red on your bell ringer sheet. How do you think you did on your unit 8 test?

3. Agenda for Today: 1.Bell Ringer 2.Go over unit 8 test and fill out student reflection sheet. 3.Go over unit 10 pre –test and fill out unit 10 reflection sheet. 4.Begin reading article in Science World magazine.

4. U10 LT1 1 -2 U10 LT2 3 - 8 U10 LT3 9 - 12 U10 LT4 13 - 14 U10 LT5 15 - 18 2 = 5 pts 1 = 3 pts 0 = 1 pt 6 – 5 pts 5 – 4 = 4 pts 3 – 2 = 3 pts 1 = 2 pts 0 = 1 pt 4 = 5 pts 3 = 4 pts 2 = 3 pts 1 = 2 pts 0 = 1 pt 2 = 5 pts 1 = 3 pts 0 = 1 pt 4 = 5 pts 3 = 4 pts 2 = 3 pts 1 = 2 pts 0 = 1 pt U10 LT7 19 – 22 U10 LT8 23 – 25 U10 LT9 26 – 28 U10 LT11 29 - 30 4 = 5 pts 3 = 4 pts 2 = 3 pts 1 = 2 pts 0 = 1 pt 3 = 5 pts 2 = 3 pts 1 = 2 pts 0 = 1 pt 3 = 5 pts 2 = 3 pts 1 = 2 pts 0 = 1 pt 2 = 5 pts 1 = 3 pts 0 = 1 pt

5. Bell Ringer: 04/18/2016 Essential Question: How does natural selection work? Objectives: I can…  Define "Evolution" & "Natural Selection".  Describe the 4 steps of Natural Selection, giving an example of each.  Explain the importance of "Variation" Bell Ringer: Turn your bell ringer sheet over and write WEEK 32 on the top. Copy and answer the question in red on your bell ringer sheet. Do you think that dogs always looked and behaved the way they do now?

6. Agenda for Today: 1.Bell Ringer 2.PBIS Respect Video 3.Begin notes on the Theory of Natural Selection 4.Homework assignment

7. PBIS “Expect Respect” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fMQ0dh7tuLs

8. Darwin & Natural Selection

9. Learning Goals 1.Define "Evolution" & "Natural Selection". 2.Describe the 4 steps of Natural Selection, giving an example of each. 3.Explain the importance of "Variation". 4.Does Natural Selection act on an organism phenotype or genotoype? Explain! 5.List the 5 evidences that support the Theory of Evolution.

10. Theory of Evolution  Evolution: The process of change over time  Specifically, a change in the frequency of a gene or allele in a population over time

11. Charles Darwin Father of Evolution Proposed a process for evolution, natural selection Darwin went on a 5-year trip around the world on the ship, the HMS Beagle As the ship’s naturalist, he made observations of organisms in South America and the Galapagos Islands Wrote a book, “Origin of the Species”Wrote a book, “Origin of the Species”

13. Darwin’s Finches

14. Natural Selection  Natural Selection: Organisms that are best adapted to an environment survive and reproduce more than others

15. Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection occurs in four steps: 1.Overproduction 2.Variation 3.Competition 4.Adaptation

16. Variation Each individual has a unique combination of inherited traits.

17. Why is Variation Important?  Because the environment changes.  The more variation within a species, the more likely it will survive  EX: If everyone is the same, they are all vulnerable to the same environmental changes or diseases  The more variation of types of species in an habitat, the more likely at least some will survive.  EX: Dinosaurs replaced by mammals

18. Which community has a better chance of surviving a natural disaster? Community A Community B

19. Adaptation Adaptation: an inherited trait that increases an organism’s chances of survival. Camouflage Webbed feet Migration Hibernation

20. What adaptations do you see?

23. Overproduction  Each species produces more offspring than can survive

24. Competition Individuals COMPETE for limited resources: Food, water, space, mates Natural selection occurs through “Survival of the fittest” Fitness: the ability to survive and reproduce Not all individuals survive to adulthood

25. Selection The individuals with the best traits / adaptations will survive and have the opportunity to pass on it’s traits to offspring. Natural selection acts on the phenotype (physical appearance), not the genotype (genetic makeup) Ex: When a predator finds its prey, it is due to the prey’s physical characteristics, like color or slow speed, not the alleles (BB, Bb)

26. What happens next?  Individuals with traits that are not well suited to their environment either die or leave few offspring.  Evolution occurs when good traits build up in a population over many generations and bad traits are eliminated by the death of the individuals.

31. What is Natural Selection? What is Natural Selection? Clearly Stated

32. Bell Ringer: 04/19/2016 Essential Question: How does natural selection work? Objectives: I can…  Describe the main ideas of Darwin’s observations.  List and explain evidence of evolution. Bell Ringer: Copy and answer the question in red on your bell ringer sheet. What is natural selection? How is it different than evolution?

33. Agenda for Today: 1.Bell Ringer 2.Finish notes on the Theory of Natural Selection 3.Begin notes on Charles Darwin’s Observations. 4.Homework: pages 6 – 8 in Natural Selection packet (Darwin’s Observations Reinforcement and Study Guide)

34. Darwin’s Observations

35. Charles Darwin https://www.brainpop.com/science/famousscientist s/charlesdarwin/ https://www.brainpop.com/science/famousscientist s/charlesdarwin/

36. I. Darwin observed variation among island species 1. Variation is the difference in the physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals in the same population.

37. I. Darwin observed variation among island species 2.Examples include tortoises: Saddle back tortoises – have long necks and legs, and they lived in an area with tall plants. Domed Tortoise – have shorter necks and legs, and live in areas with moss and short plants.

38. I. Darwin observed variation among island species 2. and finches: Thick beaks – lived in area with large hard shelled seeds and nuts. Delicate beaks – were found where insects and fruits are widely available.

39. II. Darwin realized species could adapt to their environment 1. An adaptation is a trait that allows an organism to better survive in their environments.

40. III. Darwin observed fossil and geologic evidence of ancient Earth. 1. Fossil evidence included a Glyptodon,(fossil of a giant armadillo) which looked like a living species. Ancient organisms are related to modern animals. Modern Armadillo Glyptodon

41. III. Darwin observed fossil and geologic evidence of ancient Earth 2. Geologic evidence included marine fossils (shells) found on the tops of mountains.

42. Homework for 04/19/2016 Complete pages 6 – 8 in Natural Selection packet (Darwin’s Observations Reinforcement and Study Guide) IT IS DUE TOMORROW!!!!

43. Bell Ringer: 04/20/2016 Essential Question: How does natural selection work? Objectives: I can…  Describe animal and plant adaptations Bell Ringer: Copy and answer the question in red on your bell ringer sheet. Why is variation important?

44. Agenda for Today: 1.Bell Ringer 2.Finish notes on Charles Darwin’s Observations. 3.Check homework: pages 6 – 8 in Natural Selection packet (Darwin’s Observations Reinforcement and Study Guide) 4.Begin Jeff Corwin Video and questions

45. Jeff Corwin: The Galápagos Islands: Land of Evolutionary Change Copy the following questions down on a sheet of notebook paper: 1.What is unique about the Galápagos Islands? 2.What is the difference between marine and land iguanas? 3.Why didn’t Darwin see the creatures living in the ocean? 4.Why is it important for penguins to take good care of their feathers? 5.Why do you think blue hill tortoises are being raised in captivity? 6.What is an interesting characteristic of the marine iguanas of Española? 7.Why don’t animals on the Galápagos have predators? 8.What will determine whether the cross between a marine and land iguana will survive?

46. Bell Ringer: 04/21/2016 Essential Question: How does natural selection work? Objectives: I can…  Describe animal and plant adaptations Bell Ringer: Copy and answer the question in red on your bell ringer sheet. What is the difference between variation and adaptation?

47. Agenda for Today: 1.Bell Ringer 2.Jeff Corwin Video and notes 4 th Period Only: SKY Teach lesson on Adaptations

48. Jeff Corwin: The Galápagos Islands: Land of Evolutionary Change Copy the following questions down on a sheet of notebook paper: 1.What is unique about the Galápagos Islands? 2.What is the difference between marine and land iguanas? 3.Why didn’t Darwin see the creatures living in the ocean? 4.Why is it important for penguins to take good care of their feathers? 5.Why do you think blue hill tortoises are being raised in captivity? 6.What is an interesting characteristic of the marine iguanas of Española? 7.Why don’t animals on the Galápagos have predators? 8.What will determine whether the cross between a marine and land iguana will survive?

49. Bell Ringer: 04/25/2016 Essential Question: How does natural selection work? Objectives: I can…  Explain how an animal or plant adapts through natural selection.  Describe structural and behavioral adaptations in plants and animals. Bell Ringer: Get a new bell ringer sheet from the demo counter and write week 33 on the top of the page. Copy and answer the question in red on your bell ringer sheet. What kind of adaptation would a plant need to survive in water?

50. Agenda for Today: 1.Bell Ringer 2.Discuss unit 8 test redo 3.Begin notes on adaptations 4.No homework tonight – unless you are planning on taking the retake test during ESS.

51. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE All living things change to fit their environment ADAPTATIONS!!!!!!!!

52. Inherited Characteristics Why do tigers have stripes? Why are bullfrogs green on the back and white on the belly? Why do giraffes have such a long neck? Why do geese fly south for the winter? Why do waterlilies float? Why do some plants bear fruit? All of these questions deal with adaptations!!!

53. What are adaptations? Adaptations – an inherited characteristic that helps an organism to survive long enough to reproduce more successfully in its changing environment and can either be structural or behavioral.

54. If red touches yellow, deadly fellow. If red touches black, friendly jack.

55. Structural Adaptations Definition: Actual body parts or coloration that help an organism survive in their environment. EX: camouflage, mimicry, bent hind legs, sharp teeth and claws, body structures.

56. Behavioral Adaptations Definition: Ways an organism act to help them survive in their environment. EX: Migration, hibernation, warning calls, mating dances, hunting in packs.

57. Types of Structural Adaptations CAMOUFLAGE/COLORATION: blending in with the environment for protection from predators or to help sneak up on prey. Use: Obtaining food and protection

59. Types of Structural Adaptations MIMICRY: copying a behavior or appearance. Used for protection or obtaining food and protection.

60. Bent hind legs – prey run fast to escape & predator run fast to catch prey Types of Structural Adaptations Used for: protection, locomotion

61. Types of Structural Adaptations Teeth Flat teeth for grinding plants are found in herbivores. Sharp teeth for cutting meat in carnivores

62. Types of Structural Adaptations Body Structures Predator – Eyes facing forward to find prey. Prey – Eyes on side of the head.

63. Bell Ringer: 04/26/2016 Essential Question: How does natural selection work? Objectives: I can…  Explain how an animal or plant adapts through natural selection.  Describe structural and behavioral adaptations in plants and animals. Bell Ringer: Copy and answer the question in red on your bell ringer sheet. What are two different kinds of adaptations? Give an example of each.

64. Agenda for Today: 1.Bell Ringer 2.Complete notes on animal adaptations 3.Clipbird Island activity

65. flippers wings Bent legs

67. We have been looking at structural adaptations of animals. ADAPTATIONS ON THE BODY, but animals can also have behavioral adaptations. This type of adaptation cannot be seen on the body. It is the way an animal reacts or behaves in certain situations. In other words: INSTINCTS

68. In simple animals, behavior is governed almost entirely by instinct, meaning that it is pre- programmed by an animal's genes. In more complex animals, instinctive behavior is often modified by learning, producing more-flexible responses to the outside world.

69. Behavioral Adaptations 1.Migration - seasonal or periodic movement of animals in response to changes in climate or food availability, or to ensure reproduction. Migration most commonly involves movement from one area to another and then back again. Examples: geese, whales, salmon, Monarch butterflies

70. Behavioral Adaptations 2.Hibernation – adaptive winter survival technique where animal becomes inactive and all body processes slow down. In cold weather most animals must eat large quantities of food to obtain the energy needed to carry on normal body activities. Examples: bears, chipmunks, squirrels, bats,

71. Behavioral Adaptations 3. Living in a Group – more eyes in a group to watch out for prey or predator, protection Examples: fish, wildebeest, walruses, lions

72. Behavioral Adaptations 4. Tool Use - any object manipulated by an animal in order to perform a specific task. (monkeys, otters, birds) 5. Playing Dead - By pretending that they are dead, some animals escape bodily harm. (snakes, possums)

73. Behavioral Adaptations 6. Calling – communication between animals 7. Threatening Gestures – scares off potential predators

74. Bell Ringer: 04/27/2016 Essential Question: How does natural selection work? Objectives: I can…  Explain how an animal or plant adapts through natural selection.  Describe structural and behavioral adaptations in plants and animals. Bell Ringer: Copy and answer the question in red on your bell ringer sheet. How could a rabbit adapt to a cold climate?

75. Agenda for Today: 1.Bell Ringer 2.Clipbird Island activity 3.Follow up questions and Graph

76. Clipbird Island Activity There is a population of Clipbirds that live faraway on an island called Clipland. A mountain range on Clipland rose up during a large earthquake, and divided the large population of Clipbirds into two smaller populations, East and West. There are three variations of Clipbirds. Bigbill Clipbirds Mediumbill Clipbirds Smallbill Clipbirds

77. Clipbird Island Activity 1.How are the birds alike? 2.How are different from each other?

78. Clipbird Island Activity The birds with larger beaks will need more food energy to survive than the birds with smaller beak sizes. Food Values in Megacalories

79. Clipbird Food Values Food Values in Megacalories

80. Clipbird Island Activity Clipbirds East Population West population Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Largebill Clipbird 22 Mediumbill Clipbirds 22 Smallbill Clipbirds 22

81. 1 st Season2 nd Season3 rd Season4 th Season Bigbill2122 Mediumbill2233 Smallbill2222 1 st Season2 nd Season3 rd Season4 th Season Bigbill2221 Mediumbill2000 Smallbill2200 2 nd Period WEST SIDE 2 nd Period EAST SIDE Clipbird Population Data

82. 1 st Season2 nd Season3 rd Season4 th Season Bigbill 2 Mediumbill 2 Smallbill 2 1 st Season2 nd Season3 rd Season4 th Season Bigbill2 Mediumbill2 Smallbill2 5 th Period WEST SIDE 5 th Period EAST SIDE Clipbird Population Data

83. 1 st Season2 nd Season3 rd Season4 th Season Bigbill2 Mediumbill2 Smallbill2 1 st Season2 nd Season3 rd Season4 th Season Bigbill2 Mediumbill2 Smallbill2 6 th Period WEST SIDE 6 th Period EAST SIDE Clipbird Population Data

84. Clipbird Island Follow Up 1.Create TWO LINE GRAPHS to display the results of the East and West Clipbird Populations. Make sure your graphs TALKS to me! Use three different colored pencils to represent each species of clipbird. 2.What do you feel that the numbers are telling you? 3.Describe what happened to the Clipbird populations. 4.What do you think caused the changes?