5. Chapter Menu Basic principles of organic chemistry Introduction to Hydrocarbons Exit Click a hyperlink or folder tab to view the corresponding slides.

6. Section 21-1 Section 21.1 Introduction to Hydrocarbons Explain the terms organic compound and organic chemistry. microorganism: a tiny organism, such as a bacterium or a protozoan, that cannot be seen without a microscope Identify hydrocarbons and the models used to represent them. Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Describe where hydrocarbons are obtained and how they are separated.

7. Section 21-1 Section 21.1 Introduction to Hydrocarbons (cont.) organic compound hydrocarbon saturated hydrocarbon Hydrocarbons are carbon-containing organic compounds that provide a source of energy and raw materials. unsaturated hydrocarbon fractional distillation cracking

9. Section 21-1 Organic Compounds Chemists in the early 19th century knew living things produced a variety of carbon compounds, called “organic” compounds. They were not able to synthesize them in the lab and labeled them as mysterious. Wöhler was the first to produce an organic compound in the lab.

10. Section 21-1 Organic Compounds (cont.) Organic compound is applied to all carbon-containing compounds with the primary exceptions of carbon oxides, carbides, and carbonates, which are considered inorganic.Organic compound In organic compounds, carbon nearly always shares its electrons and forms four covalent bonds.

11. Section 21-1 Organic Compounds (cont.) Carbon atoms are bonded to hydrogen atoms or other elements near carbon on the periodic table. Carbon atoms also bond to other carbon atoms and form long chains.

12. Section 21-1 Hydrocarbons The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons, which consist of only the elements carbon and hydrogen. hydrocarbons There are thousands of hydrocarbons.

13. Section 21-1 Hydrocarbons (cont.) Carbon atoms bond to each other by single, double, and triple bonds. Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds.Saturated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain at least one double or triple bond.Unsaturated hydrocarbons

14. Section 21-1 Refining Hydrocarbons Many hydrocarbons are obtained from the fossil fuel petroleum. Fractional distillation involves boiling petroleum and collecting each group of components as they condense at different temperatures.Fractional distillation

15. Section 21-1 Refining Hydrocarbons (cont.)

17. Section 21-1 Refining Hydrocarbons (cont.) Fractional distillation towers do not yield fractions in proportion to demand. Heavier fractions are converted to gasoline or other lighter fractions by a process called cracking. cracking

18. Section 21-1 Refining Hydrocarbons (cont.) Gasoline is not a pure substance. Most molecules have 5 to 12 carbons. Gasoline is modified by adjusting its composition to improve performance, resulting in the octane rating system.

19. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 21-1 Section 21.1 Assessment Petroleum is separated into usable parts by boiling and condensing each component in a process called ____. A.cracking B.fractional distillation C.saturation D.bonding

20. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 21-1 Section 21.1 Assessment What is a hydrocarbon that contains only single bonds called? A.unsaturated B.organic C.saturated D.fully bonded

21. Study Guide 1 Section 21.1 Introduction to Hydrocarbons Key Concepts Organic compounds contain the element carbon, which is able to form straight chains and branched chains. Hydrocarbons are organic substances composed of carbon and hydrogen. The major sources of hydrocarbons are petroleum and natural gas. Petroleum can be separated into components by the process of fractional distillation.