1. Tools of the Scientist

2. One of the most important tools is the compound microscope.
Used to see the microscopic world or objects too small for the naked eye.
Plant cells, animal cells and bacteria cells can be observed.
Used to diagnose cancer

3. The compound light microscope
The compound microscope has two sets of lenses,
Each magnifies the what you are looking at

4. light to pass through a specimen on the stage to form an image.
It can make objects 1000 times its normal size.
light

5. The microscope must have two characteristics to be useful:
1. Magnification
2. Resolution

6. Magnification: the enlarging of the image so it can be seen easier

7. How to determine magnification:
Multiply the eye piece by the objective.
For example if the eye piece is 10X and the objective is 25X, your total magnification is 250X.
10 x 25 =250x
10x
25x

8. What is the total magnification of the following microscopes?
Ocular: 10x
Ocular: 15x
objective: 40x
objective: 100x

9. Poor resolution Good resolution
2. Resolution is the ability to distinguish between two points.
Similar to digital cameras (mega pixels) or LED Televisions.
Good resolution makes images clearer to view.
Poor resolution
Good resolution

10. Parts of the microscope.
1. Ocular lens/eye piece:
Contains a magnifying lens, usually 10x or 15x.

11. Objective lens:
has three different magnifying lenses:
Scanning lens:
magnifies image 10X
Low power:
magnifies 40X
C. High power:
magnifies 100x

12. 3. light source
4. diaphragm: regulates amount of light that passes up towards the eye piece.

13. 5. Base:
support microscope
6. Arm:
supports body tube

14. 7. Stage:
supports slide to be observed.
8. Stage clips:
Holds slide down on stage

15. Nosepiece:
hold objectives, can be rotated.
10. Course Adjustment:
moves body tube in order to focus the image.

16. Fine Adjustment:
moves body tube slightly to sharpen image.
12. Body tube:
keeps proper distance between eye piece and objectives.

18. F
Images viewed under the light microscope are upside down and backwards
This is a compound light microscope view of the letter F placed on a slide in its normal position. F

19. Other types of microscopes
1. Transmission electron microscope:
shines a beam of electrons through a thin specimen
Works like a compound light microscope but higher magnification.

20. mitochondria

21. 2. Scanning Electron Microscope:
produces a 3D image.
Runs a beam of electrons back and forth across the surface of the specimen.
Magnification of 500,000x

22. Image under scanning electron microscope

23. Sperm on egg

24. Red Blood Cell

25. 1. Red blood cells under a compound light microscope
2. Red blood cell in a capillary
under a transmission
electron microscope
3. Red blood cells under
a scanning electron microscope

26. Other important lab techniques
Chromatography
Gel electrophoresis

27. A lab technique used to separate mixtures. Often done on paper
Chromatography
A lab technique used to separate mixtures.
Often done on paper
The chemicals separate based on density.
The solvent is absorbed up the paper,
separating the mixtures place on the paper by the scientist.
Animation:
Solvent moves up paper

28. How paper chromatography works.
Watch the water move up as it is absorbed by the paper.
Separates the chemicals that make up the black dot as it moves.

30. 2. Electrophoresis
used to separate molecules such as DNA by size and charge
charged molecules like DNA are placed in an electric field, they migrate toward either the positive or negative pole according to their charge .

31. Put DNA in the wells,
Plug it in
Separates based on size of molecules and charge
DNA has a negative charge, so its attracted to the positive side.
Smaller pieces move further
Every ones DNA is unique
Everyone's DNA separates in a unique pattern.

32. Gel electrophoresis is one way to determine your baby’s momma
Also used to solve crimes
Animation:

33. Electrophoresis pics
The set up