1. VIRUSES, BACTERIA, PROTISTS, AND FUNGI VIRUSES

2. WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUSES? A VIRUS IS A TINY, NONLIVING PARTICLE THAT ENTERS AND THEN REPRODUCES INSIDE A LIVING CELL. VIRUSES ARE NONLIVING, HAVE A PROTEIN COAT THAT PROTECTS AN INNER CORE OF GENETIC MATERIAL, AND CANNOT REPRODUCE ON THEIR OWN.

3. VIRUS NEEDS WHY ARE VIRUSES CONSIDERED NONLIVING? THEY LACK MOST OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS. VIRUSES ARE NOT CELLS AND DO NOT USE THEIR OWN ENERGY TO GROW OR TO RESPOND TO THEIR SURROUNDINGS.

4. VIRUSES ALSO CANNOT MAKE FOOD, TAKE IN FOOD, OR PRODUCE WASTES. ALTHOUGH VIRUSES CAN MULTIPLY LIKE ORGANISMS, THEY CAN ONLY DO SO WHEN THEY ARE INSIDE A LIVING CELL.

5. THE ORGANISM THAT A VIRUS ENTERS AND MULTIPLIES INSIDE OF IS CALLED A HOST. A HOST IS AN ORGANISM THAT PROVIDES A SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR A VIRUS OR ANOTHER ORGANISM. A VIRUS ACTS LIKE A PARASITE, AN ORGANISM THAT LIVES ON OR IN A HOST AND CAUSES IT HARM. ALMOST ALL VIRUSES DESTROY THE CELLS IN WHICH THEY MULTIPLY.

6. VIRUS SHAPES VIRUSES VARY WIDELY IN SHAPE. SOME VIRUSES ARE ROUND, AND SOME ARE ROD- SHAPED. OTHER VIRUSES ARE SHAPED LIKE BRICKS, THREADS, OR BULLETS.

7. THERE ARE EVEN VIRUSES THAT HAVE COMPLEX, ROBOTLIKE SHAPES, SUCH AS THE BACTERIOPHAGE. A BACTERIOPHAGE IS A VIRUS THAT INFECTS BACTERIA. ITS NAME MEANS “BACTERIA EATER.”

8. VIRUS SIZES VIRUSES ARE SMALLER THAN CELLS AND CANNOT BE SEEN WITH THE MICROSCOPES YOU USE IN SCHOOL. VIRUSES ARE SO SMALL THAT THEY ARE MEASURED IN UNITS CALLED NANOMETERS. ONE NANOMETER IS ONE BILLIONTH OF A METER.

9. THE SMALLEST VIRUSES ARE ABOUT 20 NANOMETERS IN DIAMETER, WHILE THE LARGEST VIRUSES ARE MORE THAN 200 NANOMETERS IN DIAMETER. THE AVERAGE VIRUS IS QUITE SMALL EVEN COMPARED WITH THE SMALLEST CELLS – THOSE OF BACTERIA.

10. NAMING VIRUSES BECAUSE VIRUSES ARE NOT CONSIDERED ORGANISMS, SCIENTISTS DO NOT USE THE TWO-PART SCIENTIFIC NAMING SYSTEM TO IDENTIFY THEM. SCIENTISTS NAME VIRUSES IN A VARIETY OF WAYS. SOME VIRUSES ARE NAMED AFTER THE DISEASE THEY CAUSE, SUCH AS THE POLIOVIRUS. OTHER VIRUSES ARE NAMED FOR THE AREA WHERE THEY WERE DISCOVERED, SUCH AS THE WEST NILE VIRUS.

11. HOW VIRUSES MULTIPLY AFTER A VIRUS ATTACHES TO A HOST CELL, IT ENTERS THE CELL. ONCE INSIDE A CELL, THE VIRUS’S GENETIC MATERIAL TAKES OVER MANY OF THE CELL’S FUNCTIONS. IT INSTRUCTS THE CELL TO PRODUCE THE VIRUS’S PROTEINS AND GENETIC MATERIAL.

12. THESE PROTEINS AND GENETIC MATERIAL THEN ASSEMBLE INTO NEW VIRUSES. SOME VIRUSES TAKE OVER CELL FUNCTIONS IMMEDIATELY. OTHER VIRUSES WAIT FOR A WHILE.

13. THE STRUCTURE OF VIRUSES ALTHOUGH VIRUSES HAVE MANY DIFFERENT SHAPES AND SIZES, THEY ALL HAVE A SIMILAR STRUCTURE. ALL VIRUSES HAVE TWO BASIC PARTS: AN INNER CORE CONTAINING GENETIC MATERIAL AND A PROTEIN COAT THAT PROTECTS THE VIRUS. A VIRUS’S GENETIC MATERIAL CONTAINS THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR MAKING NEW VIRUSES.

14. EACH VIRUS CONTAINS UNIQUE SURFACE PROTEINS. THESE SURFACE PROTEINS PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE DURING THE INVASION OF A HOST CELL. THE SHAPE OF THE SURFACE PROTEINS ALLOWS A VIRUS TO ATTACH ONLY TO CERTAIN CELLS IN THE HOST.

15. LIKE KEYS, A VIRUS’S PROTEINS FIT ONLY INTO SPECIFIC “LOCKS,” OR PROTEINS, ON THE SURFACE OF A HOST’S CELL. SO A PARTICULAR VIRUS CAN ATTACH ONLY TO ONE OR A FEW TYPES OF HOST CELLS.

16. FOR EXAMPLE, MOST COLD VIRUSES INFECT CELLS ONLY IN THE NOSE AND THROAT OF HUMANS. THOSE CELLS HAVE PROTEINS ON THEIR SURFACES THAT COMPLEMENT OR FIT THE PROTEINS ON COLD VIRUSES.

17. HOW DO VIRUSES INTERACT WITH THE LIVING WORLD? YOU MAY HAVE ONLY HEARD OF VIRUSES CAUSING COLDS AND DISEASES. BUT SOMETIMES VIRUSES HELP RATHER THAN HARM THOUGH VIRUSES CAN CAUSE DISEASE, THEY CAN ALSO BE USED TO TREAT AND PREVENT ILLNESSES.

18. VIRUSES AND DISEASE SOME VIRAL DISEASES, SUCH AS COLDS, ARE MILD AND PASS THROUGH THE BODY QUICKLY. OTHER VIRAL DISEASES SUCH AS HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS, OR HIV, HAVE MUCH MORE SERIOUS AND LASTING EFFECTS ON THE BODY.

19. VIRUSES ALSO CAUSE DISEASES IN ORGANISMS OTHER THAN HUMANS. FOR EXAMPLE, APPLE TREES INFECTED BY THE APPLE MOSAIC VIRUS MAY PRODUCE LESS FRUIT. DOGS AND CATS CAN GET DEADLY VIRAL DISEASES SUCH AS RABIES AND DISTEMPER.

20. USEFULNESS OF VIRUSES IN A TECHNIQUE CALLED GENE THERAPY, SCIENTISTS TAKE ADVANTAGE OF A VIRUS’S ABILITY TO ENTER A HOST CELL. THEY USE THE VIRUS AS A “MESSENGER SERVICE” TO DELIVER GENETIC MATERIAL TO CELLS THAT NEED IT. GENE THERAPY CAN BE USED TO TREAT DISORDERS SUCH AS CYSTIC FIBROSIS.

21. A VACCINE IS A SUBSTANCE INTRODUCED IN THE BODY TO HELP PRODUCE CHEMICALS THAT DESTROY SPECIFIC VIRUSES. A VACCINE MAY BE MADE FROM WEAKENED OR DEAD VIRUSES. BECAUSE THEY ARE WEAKENED OR DEAD, THE VIRUSES DO NOT CAUSE DISEASE.

22. INSTEAD, THEY ACTIVATE THE BODY’S NATURAL DEFENSES. IF THAT VIRUS EVER INVADES YOUR BODY, IT IS DESTROYED BEFORE IT CAN MAKE YOU SICK.

23. HOW VIRUSES SPREAD LAB HOMEWORK IS PAGES 46-52