1. Chapter 9 Expanding Markets and Manifest Destiny

2. Section 1: The Market Revolution  Farmers are self-sufficient – make own food, clothing, soap, ect.  Shift to specialization – raising one or two cash crops  Market Revolution – sell goods for profit instead of personal use  Entrepreneurs - Investors risk own money for huge profits  Capitalism –private business and individuals own factors of production

3. The Economic Revolution  More goods produced…..price declines  Telegraph – carries messages tapped in code  Transportation – steamboats allow for travelling against current. Railroads faster than steamboats, travel in winter, travel on land. National road allows for western travel  John Deere – Stainless steel plow

4. Section 2: Manifest Destiny

5. Manifest Destiny  Belief that God intended Americans to expand to the Pacific Ocean  American citizens and immigrants continue to push west into Native American Lands  1840’s people begin to expand west (steel plow, railroad, more people = less land)

6. Settlers and Natives  Some natives, assimilate (become part of) to American culture  Black Hawk (Illinois & Wisconsin border) lead a rebellion against U.S. 200 natives slaughtered.  Fort Laramie Treaty – Control of Central plains given to Natives/money. (present day Kansas, Nebraska, N/S Dakota) In return natives could not attack settlers and allow for construction of roads/forts

7. Moving Far West  Oregon Trail – Independence, Missouri – Portland, Oregon. Settlers take wagons with few possessions. Many die.  Mormons – led by Joseph Smith. Seek religious freedom. Smith murdered in Illinois. Brigham Young leads Mormons to Utah.

8. Section 3: Expansion in Texas  More immigrants lead for demand of more land.  Stephen Austin – Austin, Texas. American Settler in Texas. Controlled by Mexico  Few Mexican settlers at first. Majority are there to convert natives.  Mexico becomes independent from Spain.  Mexico controls Texas, California, New Mexico (present day Southwest US)  Land Grants – cheap land in return for obedience. Must become a citizen, speak Spanish, not own slaves (illegal), and must become Catholic

9. Conflict in Texas  Settlers bring American culture with them.  Texas Revolution – Independence from Mexico 1836.  Remember the Alamo! – Texans drive Mexicans from the Alamo. Santa Anna comes back with troops and kills all of the Texans.

10. Texas becomes independent Sam Houston – Houston, Texas…President of the Republic of Texas Many Texans call for annexation – become part of U.S. US worried about slavery issue and potential war with Mexico; did not accept Texas as part of US

11. Section 4: The War with Mexico Tensions between US and Mexico grow James Polk – President responsible for annexation of Texas, California, Oregon Polk orders troops to blockade Rio Grande hoping for Mexican aggression. Mexicans claim Rio Grande is their land.

12. Nation divided  Some welcomed war to gain land. Others worried about slavery issue/ethics of taking land.  Wilmot Proviso – proposed amendment prohibiting slavery in Mexican gained lands. Turns into debate on slavery. Argued soldiers are dying to fight for slavery.

13. U.S. “purchases” the west  Mexicans kill 9 soldiers. Polk claims they started the war. Does not tell whole side of story.  New Mexico joins US without a battle. California gained very easily. US has better leadership.  Mexico loses 25,000 soldiers, half its land. Americans lose 13,000.  Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – Rio Grande border of Texas. N.M. and California to US for 15 million. Gold found in California 1848. 1849 – gold rush in California.  Gadsden Purchase – small piece of territory used for railroads bought for 10 million.

14. Gains for the US  1849, gold is found around San Francisco. 49ers travel to get rich quick.  US also wanted more land in the Oregon country. 54/ 40 or Fight!  US sent reps to talk with England to draw a border between Canada and US

15. Major Purchases