1. Topic: States of Consciousness

2. Waking Consciousness  Consciousness  our awareness of ourselves and our environments

3. zConstruct – a concept that requires a belief in something that can’t be seen or touched but does exist. zWhat examples of constructs can you think of?

4. Original definition of Psychology: z–”the description and explanation of states of consciousness” zBehaviorism felt psychology should be an objective science, without reference to mental processes…so new definition: z“the science of behavior.” so psychology now becomes the study of observable behavior.

5. zIn 1960, mental processes renter the picture. zNeuroscience related brain activity to various mental states: waking, sleeping & dreaming. zResearchers studied to study altered states of consciousness: hypnosis, drugs & alcohol.

6. Levels of Consciousness zConscious-awareness of what is going on in ourselves & our environment. zNon-conscious-bodily processes controlled by your mind that you are not aware of: heartbeat, respiration & digestion. zSubconscious-consciousness that is just below our present level of awareness: Example : reaching for thinking without thinking, driving home and not remembering stopping at a red light.

7. zUnconscious mind contains information, thoughts & desires about which we have no direct knowledge. It contains the: zIntuition-though that does not rely on logic or a rational evaluation of events. It is just a feeling.

8. What is sleep? zA state of consciousness because we are less aware of our environment & ourselves thane we are in our normal awake state. It is a natural, reversible loss of consciousness. zSleeps helps us to recuperate & restore body tissues. zIt plays a role in our growth process.

9. All creatures are under the control of: Biological Rhythms  periodic physiological fluctuations  Internal, chemical units that control regular cycles in parts of the body.  The human body goes through a natural 25 hour sleep-wake cycle but earth runs on a 24 hour light-dark cycle. Humans have adapted.

10. Circadian Rhythm  the biological clock  regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle, such as of wakefulness and body temperature  Sleep cycle: about every 90-100 minutes we pass through a cycle of 5 distinct sleep stages

11. BRAIN WAVES zWhile we sleep our brain has electrical activity in which researchers record. zBeta waves are awake brain waves.

12. Stages of Sleep Twilight Stage or Sleep Onset -when we first lie down, electrical activity in our brains begins to slow down, brief transition stage when first falling asleep. -alpha waves are produced. It is the stage between wakefulness and sleep. We let our minds wander and totally relax.

13. Stage 1 Sleep zLast about 5-10 minutes. We lose perception of time. Can experience hallucinations or a sensation of falling or floating. zAlpha waves are produced. Waves get slower and higher in amplitude.

14. STAGE 2 SLEEP zLAST ABOUT 20 MINUTES. CAN BE AWAKENED WITHOUT DIFFFICULTY. zBRAIN WAVES ARE CHARACTERIZED BY SLEEP SPINDLES. zTALK IN SLEEP IN THIS STAGE.

15. Stage 3 Sleep zOften referred to as Delta sleep zDelta brain waves are emitted. zLast for just a few minutes and then moves on to Stage 4 sleep.

16. STAGE 4 SLEEP zLasts for 30 minutes. zStages 3 & 4 together referred to as slow-wave sleep or Delta sleep, due to delta brain waves being emitted. zThe slower the brain wave, the deeper the sleep. zHard to awaken,become disoriented & groggy. zSleepwalking occurs in this stage zWill be physically tired or ill if deprived of. zIncreasing amount of exercise, increase time in 3 & 4 sleep.

17. zUpon reaching stage 4 and after about 90 to 100 minutes of total sleep time, sleep lightens, returns through stages 3 and 2 zREM sleep emerges, characterized by EEG patterns that resemble beta waves of alert wakefulness ymuscles most relaxed yrapid eye movements occur ydreams occur

18. zFour or five sleep cycles occur in a typical night’s sleep - less time is spent in slow- wave, more is spent in REM

19. Sleep and Dreams  REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep  recurring sleep stage  vivid dreams  “paradoxical sleep”  muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active  Sleep  periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness

20. Sleep and Dreams  Measuring sleep activity

21. Brain Waves and Sleep Stages  Alpha Waves  slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain  Delta Waves  large, slow waves of deep sleep  Hallucinations  false sensory experiences

22. Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep 01234567 4 3 2 1 Sleep stages Awake Hours of sleep REM

23. Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep Hours of sleep Minutes of Stage 4 and REM 12 34 5678 0 10 15 20 25 5 Decreasing Stage 4 Increasing REM

24. Sleep Deprivation  Effects of Sleep Loss  fatigue  impaired concentration & memory  depressed immune system  greater vulnerability to accidents

25. Sleep Deprivation 2,400 2,700 2,600 2,500 2,800 Spring time change (hour sleep loss) 3,600 4,200 4000 3,800 Fall time change (hour sleep gained) Less sleep, more accidents More sleep, fewer accidents Monday before time changeMonday after time change Accident frequency

26. Sleep Disorders  Insomnia  persistent problems in falling or staying asleep during the night  Most common/affects 10% of population  Treat with a change in habits

27. Narcolepsy  uncontrollable sleep attacks, suffer from intense periods of intense sleepiness  will fall asleep at unpredictable & inappropriate times yrare, occurs in 1 in 2000 people ywill fall immediately into REM sleep ytreat with medication & a change of sleep patterns.

28. Sleep Apnea  almost as common as insomnia (1 in 25)  temporary cessation of breathing for short periods of time during the night yThis causes person to wake up slightly, gasp for air & return to sleep, robbing a person of deep sleep, causing fatigue, attention & memory problems

29. Night Terrors and Nightmares  Night Terrors  occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4  high arousal—sit up in bed appearance of being terrified  happens to children only 01234567 4 3 2 1 Sleep stages Awake Hours of sleep REM

30. Nightmares zOccur during REM sleep z5% of population have them zOn average pf 1X per week zUsually happens when we miss REM sleep, don’t get enough sleep, drink too much alcohol, eat spicy foods, or see something that is scary.

31. Somnambulism zAlso known as sleepwalking zOccurs during Stage 4 sleep If you have had night terrors, you are more likely to sleep walk when older.

32. Dreams: Freud  Dreams  sequence of story like images, emotions, & thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind  hallucinatory imagery  discontinuities  incongruities  delusional acceptance of the content  difficulties remembering

33. Lucid Dreams zWe are aware that we are dreaming and can control the dream. zA very difficult area to research

34. Dreams: Freud  Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)  Symbolic expressions of our unconscious conflicts or wish fulfillment  clues to inner thoughts & forbidden impulses  discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings  Manifest Content  remembered story line  Latent Content  underlying meaning

35. Theories about why we dream z1. Information Processing Perspective-dreams help us sort out the day’s experiences and fix them in memory. z2. Activation-synthesis explanation states that REM sleep triggers impulses in the visual cortex, evoking random visual images that our brain tries to weave into a storyline.

36. z3. The brain-maturation/cognitive development perspective believes dreams represent the dreamer’s level of development, knowledge & understanding z4. Dreaming serves as a physiological function and REM induced regular stimulation helps develop & preserves neural pathways in the brain

37. zMost sleep theorists agree that REM sleep and dreams serve an important function, as evidenced by REM rebound that occurs following sleep deprivation.

38. Common dream themes zMost dreams about ordinary events zInvolve our worries, fears, feelings,& arguments. zFalling, being chased, flying, losing or finding something, finding yourself naked, teeth falling out are all common dream themes z50% of us dream in color and 50% in black & white. Researchers don’t know why.

39. Sleep Across the Lifespan

40. Hypnosis  Hypnosis  a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur  Used to cure ailments, bring back memories  Greek god of sleep-Hypnos  Posthypnotic Amnesia  supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis  induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion

41. Hypnosis  Orne & Evans (1965)  control group instructed to “pretend”  unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones  Posthypnotic Suggestion  suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized  used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors

42. Hypnosis  Dissociation  a split in consciousness  allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others  Hidden Observer  Ernest Hilgard’s (1904-2001)term describing a hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis

43. Explaining Hypnosis

44. Drugs and Consciousness  Psychoactive Drug  a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood,changes the chemistry of the brain  Changes our perceptions, mood or behavior  Molecules pass through the blood-brain barrier  Lead to Physical Dependence  physiological need for a drug,to take more  marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms  Psychological Dependence  a psychological need to use a drug  for example, to relieve negative emotions

45. Dependence and Addiction  Tolerance  diminishing effect with regular use  Withdrawal  discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use Small Large Drug dose Little effect Big effect Drug effect Response to first exposure After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect

46. Psychoactive Drugs  Depressants  drugs that reduce neural activity  slow body functions  alcohol, barbiturates, opiates  Stimulants  drugs that excite neural activity  speed up body functions  caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine

47. Psychoactive Drugs  Hallucinogens  psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input  Does not slow or speed up the body  LSD, peyote, mushrooms, ecstasy

48. Psychoactive Drugs  Barbiturates  drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment

49. Psychoactive Drugs  Opiates  opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin, methadone)  opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety  Elevate endorphins, mood elevators

50. Psychoactive Drugs  Amphetamines  drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

51. Cocaine Euphoria and Crash

52. Psychoactive Drugs  Ecstasy (MDMA)  synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen  both short-term and long-term health risks  LSD  lysergic acid diethylamide  a powerful hallucinogenic drug  also known as acid  THC  the major active ingredient in marijuana  triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

53. Psychoactive Drugs

54. Trends in Drug Use 1975 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99 Year 80% 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 High school seniors reporting drug use Alcohol Marijuana/ hashish Cocaine

55. Perceived Marijuana Risk ‘75 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99 Year 100% 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Percent of twelfth graders Perceived “great risk of harm” in marijuana use Used marijuana

56. Near-Death Experiences  Near-Death Experience  an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death  often similar to drug- induced hallucinations

57. Near-Death Experiences  Dualism  the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact  Monism  the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing