1. Conflicts in the Middle East Ch 18.4 CST 10.9.6

2. 1917 Britain issues the Balfour Declaration CAUSES: – Increased immigration of Jews to Palestine –Zionists’ request for a Jewish homeland –Britain’s need to retain support of Palestinians and Jews during World War I EFFECT: No resolution of the issue, so Britain refers it to the UN after WW 2.

3. 1948 Independent Israel is created. : UN recommendation calling for a partition of Palestine INTO 2 STATES: Israel and PalestineCAUSES: UN recommendation calling for a partition of Palestine INTO 2 STATES: Israel and Palestine Int’l sympathy for the Jews because of the Holocaust and support for their desire for a Jewish homeland EFFECT: Outbreak of full-scale First Arab- Israeli war

4. Golda Meir She was the signer of Israel’s Declaration of Independence and later became Prime Minister of Israel.

5. 1956 Arab-Israeli War #2 breaks out CAUSE: Egypt seizes the Suez Canal. EFFECTS: –Egyptians are defeated. –The world community pressures Israel and its European allies to withdraw from Egypt.

6. Suez Crisis (1956) Egypt seized the Suez Canal in 1956, Britain, France, and Israel defeated Egypt, but international pressure forced them to withdraw, returning the canal to Egypt

7. 1967 The Six Day War begins CAUSES: –Increased tensions between Israel and Arab states –Soviet backed Arab troops move forces off Gulf of Aqaba EFFECTS: Arabs have heavy losses Israel annexes the old city of Jerusalem, West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, and Golan Heights.

9. 1973- Yom Kippur War begins. CAUSE: A joint Arab attack on the holiest Jewish Holiday EFFECTS: Israel counter-attacks, followed by an uneasy truce

10. 1979 Anwar Sadat (Egypt) and Menachem Begin (Israel) sign the Camp David Accords. CAUSES: Sadat offers peace to Begin. U.S. President Carter invites them both to discuss the issues at Camp David, USA EFFECTS: -Egypt recognizes Israel as a legitimate nation -Sinai Peninsula is transferred to Egypt -30 years of hostility ends btwn the 2 countries -Sadat is assassinated.

11. Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin

12. 1987-1990s The Intifada Palestinians continued to be frustrated because Israel is continuing to destroy rebel bases in Palestinian towns. Palestinians start a wide spread campaign of civil disobedience but make little progress. HOWEVER, world opinion puts pressure on Israel to meet and negotiate peace with Palestine. TALKS ARE NOT SUCCESSFUL BUT THEY LEADS TO SECRET NEGOTIATIONS IN 1993..

13. 1993 Rabin (Israel) and Arafat (PLO) issue a Declaration of Principles. (Oslo Accords) CAUSES: On-going conflicts over Israeli- occupied territories finally leads to a series of peace talks. EFFECTS: Self-rule for Palestinians in Gaza Strip and West Bank Assassination of Rabin

14. Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) This group led by Yasir Arafat conducted a campaign of terror against Israel. He later became the spokesman for the Palestinians in peace negotiations with Israel.

15. Izhak Rabin and Yasir Arafat

16. Oslo Accords, Sept. 13, 1993 White House

17. Hosni Mubarak He was the Egyptian leader who succeeded the assassinated Sadat and he maintained the peace with Israel. He ruled for 29 years from 1981 until Feb. 2011 when he was overthrown by revolution.

18. UPDATE: Egypt Today Since Mubarak was toppled from power last year, Egypt has been under military rule. Mubarak is 85 years old and ill. He will not be returning as leader of Egypt. His civil trial for crimes against the people of Egypt was postponed in April, 2013, but has resumed as of May 11, 2013.

19. April, 2013. Mubarak’s Civil Trial Postponed Re-Trail of Mubarak for complicity in killing civilians during the coup started again May 11, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. He was convicted and sentenced in 2014, Conviction overturned in Jan. 2015

20. Current President of Egypt Abdel Fattah El-Sisi

21. Current President of the Palestinian Authority Mahmoud Abbas

22. Current Israeli Leadership President Reuven Rivlin Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu