1. Scientific Method by: Samantha Wilson Magna Vista High School Please follow along and complete the notes sheet as we go through the slides.

2. 4 Areas of Earth Science Geology- We will study things such as minerals, rocks, earthquakes, & volcanoes. Geology- We will study things such as minerals, rocks, earthquakes, & volcanoes. Oceanography- We will study the ocean water, movement of the water, & the seafloor. Oceanography- We will study the ocean water, movement of the water, & the seafloor. Meteorology- We will study the atmosphere and weather forecasting. Meteorology- We will study the atmosphere and weather forecasting. Astronomy- We will study the planets, galaxy, & other objects in the universe. Astronomy- We will study the planets, galaxy, & other objects in the universe.

3. Scientific Method There are 5 basic steps of the scientific method: There are 5 basic steps of the scientific method: 1. State the problem/question 1. State the problem/question 2. Make a hypothesis 2. Make a hypothesis 3. Test hypothesis/Experiment 3. Test hypothesis/Experiment 4. Analyze results 4. Analyze results 5. Conclusion/Communicate results 5. Conclusion/Communicate results

4. State the problem/question If an observation is made in science, and there is a question about it, the scientific method can be used to solve it. If an observation is made in science, and there is a question about it, the scientific method can be used to solve it. Observations are usually made using the senses– seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, and tasting. Observations are usually made using the senses– seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, and tasting. Example: Your locker will not open. This is your problem, so you start to question why it will not open. Example: Your locker will not open. This is your problem, so you start to question why it will not open.

5. Make hypothesis A hypothesis is a possible explanation or answer to a question. A hypothesis is a possible explanation or answer to a question. Example: My locker may not open because I did not do the combination on the lock correctly. Example: My locker may not open because I did not do the combination on the lock correctly.

6. Test hypothesis/Experiment This is where data is collected by performing an experiment to test the hypothesis or solve the problem. This is where data is collected by performing an experiment to test the hypothesis or solve the problem. Example: To see if my locker combination is correct, I will try turning the lock again to see if it works. I will try turning the dial several different ways to see if it will open. Example: To see if my locker combination is correct, I will try turning the lock again to see if it works. I will try turning the dial several different ways to see if it will open.

7. Analyze results Once the tests or experiment are complete, this is the stage where a scientist would go back and see how things turned out. They may make charts and graphs to understand data. Once the tests or experiment are complete, this is the stage where a scientist would go back and see how things turned out. They may make charts and graphs to understand data. Example: I tried the combination on my lock 2 times before it finally opened. I can go back and see what I did differently the 2 nd time, so I know why it actually worked that time. Example: I tried the combination on my lock 2 times before it finally opened. I can go back and see what I did differently the 2 nd time, so I know why it actually worked that time.

8. Conclusion This is where you decide if your hypothesis was correct. If you proved your hypothesis, you can try the experiment again and again to make sure it stays true. If it is NOT proven, then you can change the hypothesis or go back and try the experiment again. This is where you decide if your hypothesis was correct. If you proved your hypothesis, you can try the experiment again and again to make sure it stays true. If it is NOT proven, then you can change the hypothesis or go back and try the experiment again. Example: Our locker opened on the second attempt. I was not turning the dial on the lock the right direction. My hypothesis was correct. Example: Our locker opened on the second attempt. I was not turning the dial on the lock the right direction. My hypothesis was correct.

9. Communicating Results Once a scientist performs an experiment over and over and proves a hypothesis, he may want to share his results. Once a scientist performs an experiment over and over and proves a hypothesis, he may want to share his results. Science hypotheses and theories are commonly shared in: Science hypotheses and theories are commonly shared in: A. Press conferences A. Press conferences B. Scientific journals B. Scientific journals C. Lectures C. Lectures

10. Variables In an experiment you must be careful to test only 1 variable at a time. In an experiment you must be careful to test only 1 variable at a time. The variable is the part of the experiment that is changed or different. The variable is the part of the experiment that is changed or different. For example, if you are doing an experiment with different types of plant food. The type of food must be the ONLY difference. Everything else with the plants needs to be the same. They need to be the same type of plant, planted in the same soil, and about the same size. You must water all of the plants at the same time and give them the same amount. The only thing that can be different is the type of plant food. For example, if you are doing an experiment with different types of plant food. The type of food must be the ONLY difference. Everything else with the plants needs to be the same. They need to be the same type of plant, planted in the same soil, and about the same size. You must water all of the plants at the same time and give them the same amount. The only thing that can be different is the type of plant food. Example: In our experiment with the locker, the way I turned the lock was the variable. I tried the same combination each time, but just turned the dial differently. Example: In our experiment with the locker, the way I turned the lock was the variable. I tried the same combination each time, but just turned the dial differently.

11. Control Some experiments may have a control. The control would be what is not changed, or where the variable is not applied. Some experiments may have a control. The control would be what is not changed, or where the variable is not applied. For example, in the experiment where we talked about plant food. A control may be a plant that is not given any plant food. It would be like the “normal plant” where everything else is still the same, but it just does not get the plant food. For example, in the experiment where we talked about plant food. A control may be a plant that is not given any plant food. It would be like the “normal plant” where everything else is still the same, but it just does not get the plant food.

12. Theory If a hypothesis is proven over and over again, it may become a theory. Theories have enough evidence to basically be accepted as true. If a hypothesis is proven over and over again, it may become a theory. Theories have enough evidence to basically be accepted as true. We will talk about several theories in here, such as the Big Bang, Solar Nebula, and Global Warming. We will talk about several theories in here, such as the Big Bang, Solar Nebula, and Global Warming.

13. SI Units Today, scientists and most countries use the International System of Units (abbreviated SI Units). Today, scientists and most countries use the International System of Units (abbreviated SI Units). The United States is one of the few countries that does not use the SI units in everyday life. The United States is one of the few countries that does not use the SI units in everyday life. The SI Units are based on the number 10, so it is easier for converting from one unit to another. The SI Units are based on the number 10, so it is easier for converting from one unit to another.

14. Area Area measures the surface of an object. Area measures the surface of an object. The formula for a regularly shaped object is: length X width The formula for a regularly shaped object is: length X width If you are going to find the total surface area for a 3-D object, you will need to multiply: length X width X the total # of sides If you are going to find the total surface area for a 3-D object, you will need to multiply: length X width X the total # of sides Example: On the cube shown here, all sides measure 2cm x 2cm. The area of one side would be 4cm 2 because 2cm x 2cm =4cm 2. The cube has 6 sides so the total surface area would be 4cm 2 (area of one side) x 6 (# of sides)=24 cm 2 Example: On the cube shown here, all sides measure 2cm x 2cm. The area of one side would be 4cm 2 because 2cm x 2cm =4cm 2. The cube has 6 sides so the total surface area would be 4cm 2 (area of one side) x 6 (# of sides)=24 cm 2

15. Mass Mass is the amount of matter in an object. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. Mass is measured using a balance. Mass is measured using a balance. The picture in the background of this powerpoint is a balance. The picture in the background of this powerpoint is a balance. Balances used today tend to be a triple- beam or electronic balance. Balances used today tend to be a triple- beam or electronic balance.

16. Weight Weight is the measure of the force of gravity. Weight is the measure of the force of gravity. Your weight (not your mass) will change on other planets. Your weight (not your mass) will change on other planets. Typically, the smaller the planet the less you would weigh, and vice versa. Typically, the smaller the planet the less you would weigh, and vice versa. That is why the astronauts bounced around on the moon. The moon is smaller than Earth, therefore you would weigh less there. That is why the astronauts bounced around on the moon. The moon is smaller than Earth, therefore you would weigh less there.

17. Volume Volume is the amount of space that something occupies. Volume is the amount of space that something occupies. Volume of a regular solid is found by multiplying: length X width X height Volume of a regular solid is found by multiplying: length X width X height For liquids, you use a graduated cylinder. For liquids, you use a graduated cylinder. Graduated cylinders come in different sizes. Graduated cylinders come in different sizes.

18. Density (Regular Shape) The formula for density is Mass/Volume. The formula for density is Mass/Volume. If you have a regular shaped object, you can use length X width X height to find the volume. If you have a regular shaped object, you can use length X width X height to find the volume. Then use a balance to find the mass. Then use a balance to find the mass. Take the 2 numbers and divide mass by the volume. Take the 2 numbers and divide mass by the volume.

19. Density (Irregular) In order to find the density of an irregularly shaped object (such as a rock), use a balance to find the mass and a graduated cylinder (water displacement) to find the volume. In order to find the density of an irregularly shaped object (such as a rock), use a balance to find the mass and a graduated cylinder (water displacement) to find the volume. Put enough water in a graduated Put enough water in a graduated cylinder to completely submerge cylinder to completely submerge (cover) the rock. Note the (cover) the rock. Note the amount of water. Drop the rock amount of water. Drop the rock in the water and see how much it in the water and see how much it rises. The volume of the rock rises. The volume of the rock pictured is 22 cc. pictured is 22 cc. Now, in order to find the density, you must take the mass of the rock and divide it by this volume.

20. Temperature In order to find temperature you use a thermometer. In order to find temperature you use a thermometer. The SI Unit for temperature is Kelvin. The SI Unit for temperature is Kelvin. Kelvin is similar to Celsius, but can be more specific. Kelvin is similar to Celsius, but can be more specific.