1. The Presidency Chapter 10

2. The Presidency

3. Constitutional Basis of the Presidency Article II: “The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America.” –This affirmed that one person would hold the presidency, allowing for “energy” in times of need.

4. The Constitutional Basis of the Presidency

5. Constitutional Basis of the Presidency Presidential selection controversy: by Congress or the voters? Republican solution (form of government, not the party): 1. State legislatures would select slates of electors. 2. Voters would choose one of the slates offered by the legislature. 3. If a majority of electors could not agree, the decision would be made by the U.S. House of Representatives.

6. Constitutional Basis of the Presidency Presidential candidates were first chosen by the party members in Congress. –Led to claims the president was beholden to Congress Parties later created nominating conventions. –Delegates initially selected by state party leaders

7. Constitutional Powers of the Presidency Delegated powers: president “shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed.” –Congress delegates power to enact its will to the executive branch. Inherent powers: presidential powers implied, but not directly stated, by the Constitution –Executive orders, other powers as needed

8. Constitutional Powers of the Presidency Expressed powers: powers granted to the president by the Constitution –Military –Judicial –Diplomatic –Executive –Legislative

9. Expressed Powers

10. Constitutional Powers of the Presidency Military powers –President is commander in chief. –Congress has power to declare war, but in last 50 years this has been ignored (without controversy). –Can deploy troops domestically in an emergency, to enforce a federal judicial order, or to protect federally guaranteed civil rights

11. Constitutional Powers of the Presidency Judicial powers –President can “grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.” –The president appoints members to the Supreme Court for life terms (must be approved by the Senate).

12. Constitutional Powers of the Presidency Diplomatic powers –President is the head of state. –Receives ambassadors and other public ministers –Acknowledges which foreign governments are legitimate –Treaties/executive agreements

13. Constitutional Powers of the Presidency Executive powers –President must make sure that all laws are faithfully executed. –Can appoint, remove, and supervise all executive officers –Has power to appoint all federal judges Not just Supreme Court nominees, the entire federal bench are presidential appointees

14. Constitutional Powers of the Presidency Legislative powers –Addresses Congress on the state of the union –Submits proposals for legislation –Can veto bills –Has power to issue executive orders Effect of law Congress cannot override an executive order. Congress must pass a new law to override an executive order.

15. The Veto Process

16. Constitutional Powers of the Presidency Delegated powers –Congress delegates powers to the executive branch when it creates agencies that must use discretion to fulfill their missions.

17. The Presidency as an Institution Presidents have tremendous administrative resources.

18. The Presidency as an Institution

19. The Cabinet –Origin: early presidents had a secretary who would store the president’s papers in a cabinet. –The Cabinet: heads of the major executive branch departments

20. The Presidency as an Institution White House staff –Analysts and political advisers who inform the president about policies and their political implications –Not to be confused with the Executive Office of the President

21. The Presidency as an Institution Executive Office of the President –Permanent agencies that perform specific management tasks for the president Office of Management and Budget (OMB) –Must approve every proposal from an executive agency that requires spending

22. The Presidency as an Institution Vice Presidency –The role of the vice president varies –Only constitutional role is to preside over the Senate –Expected to remain informed enough to take over immediately as president

23. First Lady The First Lady –This role also varies from administration to administration. –Traditionally performed primarily ceremonial roles –Now often take a more active roll; defining the position can be difficult

24. The First Spouse

25. Going Public Means Trying to Whip Up the People Sources of presidential strength: –Party –Popular mobilization –Administration

26. Contemporary Bases of Presidential Power Party –When the president’s party controls Congress and they share policy goals, the president can have tremendous influence. –This is a two-edged sword when the opposing party is in power.

27. Presidential Success on Congressional Votes,* 1953–2011

28. Contemporary Bases of Presidential Power Going public –Nineteenth century presidents were expected to be unifiers and not speak out in public about policies. –Now, presidents must carefully cultivate their public image.

29. Contemporary Bases of Presidential Power The administrative state: presidents have tried to increase their power vis-à-vis Congress through three administrative mechanisms: –Enhancing the reach and power of the Executive Office of the President –Increase White House control over bureaucracy –Expanding the role of executive orders and other instruments of direct presidential governance

30. Contemporary Bases of Presidential Power Executive Office of the President –400 staff in WHO and 1,400 in EOP –President’s staff are equal to the task of proposing legislation and countering Congress. Regulatory review –White House determines how agencies should operate.

31. Contemporary Bases of Presidential Power Governing by decree –Executive orders –National security findings and directives –Signing statements

32. Public Opinion Poll Which branch of government do you believe is most powerful? a)Congress b)Presidency c)Judiciary d)None; they are equally powerful.

33. Public Opinion Poll Which of the following do you believe is the most important role of the president? a)Commander in chief (in charge of the military) b)Chief diplomat (managing our relations with other nations) c)Chief executive (as “boss” of the executive branch) d)Chief legislator (legislative powers) e)Chief politician (party leadership)

34. Public Opinion Poll Which branch of government do you believe should be most powerful? a)Congress b)Presidency c)Judiciary d)None; they should be equally powerful.

35. Public Opinion Poll Members of Congress and the U.S. Senate are not term-limited. Members of the US Supreme Court serve life terms. Should a president be able to run for a third term if the voters supported it ? a)Yes b)No

36. Public Opinion Poll Should the vice president be elected independently of the president (no tickets), where one could vote for a president and vice president of different parties if they wished to do so? a)Yes b)No

37. Chapter 10: The Presidency Quizzes Flashcards Outlines Exercises wwnorton.com/we-the-people

38. Following this slide, you will find additional images, figures, and tables from the textbook.

39. Delegated Powers Come from Congress