1. Hugo Bowles

2.  wealth  sellers  sales  direct selling  suit  hedge-fund  firms  earnings  revenue  policy  recruitment

3.  ricavo gettito, entrate ?????

4.  Economics texts are full of numbers and statistics.  These numbers are accompanied by verbs which describe what the numbers do or by prepositional phrases  You need to learn these combinations

5.  HIV infections have fallen by up to three- quarters. Life expectancy rose by a tenth in the past decade and foreign direct investment has tripled. Consumer spending will almost double in the next ten years; the number of countries with average incomes above $1,000 per person a year will grow from less than half of Africa’s 55 states to three-quarters.

9.  Learn numbers and the vocabulary of numbers (percent, tenth, quarter, double)  Make lists of verbs (fall, rise, double) and prepositions (by, per, almost) often found with numbers  Make lists of frequent noun groups found with numbers

10.  has fallen by 2%  rose by 2%  has tripled  will double  will grow  up to three-quarters.  a tenth  the next ten years  half of Africa’s 55 states  three-quarters  almost  above $1,000 per person a year  from 2% to 4%  less than  more than

11.  million  billion  up 16% from 2014  grew at twice the pace  at twice the pace = twice as quickly  twice the price = twice as expensive  one in 13 American people

12.  Unfamiliar abbreviation will often appear beside what they stand for: “A spokesman for America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC), said yesterday …” HOW DO YOU TRANSLATE THIS? YOU DON’T ! Keep the English title and the English abbreviation

13. Herbalife, a multi-level marketing company (MLM) Translation ? azienda/società di marketing multi-livello (MLM)

15.  Familiar abbreviations may appear in texts on their own: “A spokesman for the UN said yesterday …” HOW DO YOU TRANSLATE ABBREVIATIONS THAT APPEAR ON THEIR OWN ?

16.  HIV  UN  GDP  ECB  OECD  CEO What do these abbreviations stand for? How are the abbreviations translated?

17.  HIV = HIV  UN = ONU  GDP = PIL  ECB = BCE  OECD = OCSE  CEO = AD

18.  Familiar abbreviations are often translated into Italian abbreviations( ECB = BCE) but sometimes they stay the same as in English (HIV= HIV). STRATEGY  Find out what the abbreviations stands for in English  Find out what the usual translation of the abbreviation is (Linguee?)  Make lists of familiar abbreviations and translations as you find them

19. the Fed the Med  understand what they refer to  translate in full - Riserva Federale; Il Mediterraneo

20.  backwardation  bear  Black Scholes  barter  bubble

21. 1.  A formula for pricing financial options. Its invention allowed a previously undreamed of precision in the pricing of options (which had hitherto been done using crude rules of thumb), and probably made possible the explosive growth in the market for options and other derivatives that took place after the formula became widely used in the early 1970’s

22.  2. When the price of an asset rises far higher than can be explained by fundamentals, such as the income likely to derive from holding the asset. The Chicago Tribune of April 13 1890 writing about the then mania in real- estate prices, described “men who bought property at prices they knew perfectly well were fictitious, but who were prepared to pay such prices simiply because they knew that some still greater fool could be depended on to take the property off their hands and leave them with a profit”.

23. 3.  Paying for goods or services with other goods or services, instead of with money. It is often popular when the quality of money is low or uncertain, perhaps because of high inflation or counterfeiting, or when people are asset- rich but cash-poor, or when taxation or extortion by criminals is high. Little wonder, then, that it became popular in Russia during the late 1990s. Paying for goods or services with other goods or services, instead of with money. It is often popular when the quality of money is low or uncertain, perhaps because of high inflation or counterfeiting, or when people are asset- rich but cash-poor, or when taxation or extortion by criminals is high. Little wonder, then, that it became popular in Russia during the late 1990s.

24.  An investor who thinks that the price of a particular security or class of securities (shares, say) is going to fall

25. 5.  When a commodity is valued more highly in a spot market (that is, when it is for delivery today) than in a futures market (for delivery at some point in the future). Normally, interest costs mean that futures prices are higher than spot prices, unless the markets expect the price of the commodity to fall over time, perhaps because there is a temporary bottleneck in supply. When a commodity is valued more highly in a spot market (that is, when it is for delivery today) than in a futures market (for delivery at some point in the future). Normally, interest costs mean that futures prices are higher than spot prices, unless the markets expect the price of the commodity to fall over time, perhaps because there is a temporary bottleneck in supply.

26. 1.  A formula for pricing financial options. Its invention allowed a previously undreamed of precision in the pricing of options (which had hitherto been done using crude rules of thumb), and probably made possible the explosive growth in the market for options and other derivatives that took place after the formula became widely used in the early 1970’s

27.  2. When the price of an asset rises far higher than can be explained by fundamentals, such as the income likely to derive from holding the asset. The Chicago Tribune of April 13 1890 writing about the then mania in real- estate prices, described “men who bought property at prices they knew perfectly well were fictitious, but who were prepared to pay such prices simiply because they knew that some still greater fool could be depended on to take the property off their hands and leave them with a profit”.

28. 3.  Paying for goods or services with other goods or services, instead of with money. It is often popular when the quality of money is low or uncertain, perhaps because of high inflation or counterfeiting, or when people are asset- rich but cash-poor, or when taxation or extortion by criminals is high. Little wonder, then, that it became popular in Russia during the late 1990s. Paying for goods or services with other goods or services, instead of with money. It is often popular when the quality of money is low or uncertain, perhaps because of high inflation or counterfeiting, or when people are asset- rich but cash-poor, or when taxation or extortion by criminals is high. Little wonder, then, that it became popular in Russia during the late 1990s.

29. 4.  An investor who thinks that the price of a particular security or class of securities (shares, say) is going to fall

30. 5.  When a commodity is valued more highly in a spot market (that is, when it is for delivery today) than in a futures market (for delivery at some point in the future). Normally, interest costs mean that futures prices are higher than spot prices, unless the markets expect the price of the commodity to fall over time, perhaps because there is a temporary bottleneck in supply. When a commodity is valued more highly in a spot market (that is, when it is for delivery today) than in a futures market (for delivery at some point in the future). Normally, interest costs mean that futures prices are higher than spot prices, unless the markets expect the price of the commodity to fall over time, perhaps because there is a temporary bottleneck in supply.