turistebis satransporto momsaxureba

turistebis satransporto momsaxureba
nino pavliaSvili turistebis satransporto momsaxureba

uZvelesi droidan transporti progresis mamoZravebeli da nebismieri qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis safuZvelia. adamianTa gadasayvanad da tvirTebis gadasazidad yvela SesaZlo saSualeba gamoiyeneboda _ etli, gemi, orTqlmavali, manqana, TviTmfrinavi. sxvadasxva qveynis satransporto sistemis Camoyalibebaze istoriulad axdens gavlenas maTi geografiuli mdebareoba, bunebrivi potenciali, xSirad klimaturi da landSafturi maxasiaTeblebi.

turizmi da transporti paralelurad viTardebian da axali saxeobebiT amdidreben erTmaneTs. erTis mxriv, turistuli moTxovnilebebis zrda iwvevs satransporto infrastruqturis ganviTarebas, transporti ki, Tavis mxriv, afarToebs mogzaurobaTa geografias. transportis specifiuri saxeobebi _ turistuli matarebeli, sakruizo gemi, avtomisabmelebi (karavani, kemping-kari). satransporto momsaxureba turizmSi erT-erTi ZiriTadia da masze turis Rirebulebis 20-dan 60%-mde modis (mogzaurobis siSoridan da xangrZlivobidan gamomdinare).

XIXs-Si transportis sferoSi momxdarma Zireulma cvlilebebma dasabami daudo Tanamedrove turizms. dasavleT evropasa da Crdilo amerikaSi momxdarma samrewvelo gadatrialebam gamoiwvia sarkinigzo da sawylosno transportis gamoCena.

sawylosno transporti _ 1807w I gemi “klermonti” md.huZonze. 30 wlis Semdeg ki _ regularuli kavSiri londonsa da niu-iorks Soris. 1938w _ gemma “Great Western” (68 mgzavriT) atlantis okeane gadacura. transatlantikuri kavSirebis gafarToebiT gaizarda mogzauri adamianebis nakadi, gaCnda I kontinentTaSorisi jgufuri turebi; 1843w _ I eqskursia naviT md.temzaze. daaxloebiT imave periodSi _ gemi “misisipi” md.misisipze, aseve gemebiT gaseirneba nilosze, rainze, dunaize.

gardaqmnebis mwvervalad iqca sarkinigzo Semadgenlobis orTqlis Zalaze gadayvana _ 1814w did britaneTSi jorj stefensonma ( ) gamoigona orTqlmavali, 1825w gaiyvanes rkinigzis I xazi. Tavdapirvelad aRniSnuli teqnikuri siaxle sazogadoebam araerTgvarovnad miiRo (r/g sawinaaRmdego kampaniebi). mrewvelobis aRmavlobas Tan axlda r/g qselis gafarToeba: 1835-Si r/g saerTo sigrZe msoflioSi 2,5 aTasi km iyo, wlisTvis 250-jer gaizarda da 617 aTasi km Seadgina, wels ki _ 1,4 mln km miaRwia. paralelurad gaizarda moZraobis siCqare da gaaqtiurda turistuli saqmianoba _ minimumamde iqna dayvanili destinaciebis daSorebis faqtori da gaumjobesda maTi satransporto misadgomoba; gza nakleb damRleli, TviT mogzauroba ki _ ufro komfortuli da sasiamovno xdeboda;

TandaTan umjobesdeboda mgzavrobis pirobebic. XIXs-is 70-ianebSi sarkinigzo kompaniebs Soris konkurencia, klientebis gadabirebisaTvis brZola _ kargad aRWurvili saZinebeli vagonebi, kvebis organizeba. Soreuli mogzaurobebi dabrkolebas aRar warmoadgenda da adamianebi ukve siamovnebiT da komfortulad mgzavrobdnen. amasTan mgzavroba usafrTxoc gaxda. Tumca turistuli sivrce Semoifargleboda calkeuli mcire monakveTebiT, -romlebic mkacrad iyo mibmuli r/g magistralebze. mocaleobis sferoSi XXs-Si momxdari namdvili gadatrialeba mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba mkveTrma naxtomma masobrivi komunikaciebis teqnikuri saSualebebis ganviTarebaSi.

turizmis Semdgom ganviTarebas gadaadgilebis iseTi mobiluri saSualebebi esaWiroeboda, romlebic teritoriis siRrmeSi SeRwevis saSualebas iZleoda. aseT saSualebad avtomobili iqca. I avtomobilebi ar gamoirCeodnen maRali siCqariT, Tumca, mobilurobis gamo, dasaxlebuli sivrcis nebismier wertilamde aRwevdnen, riTic xels uwyobdnen turistuli nakadebis gadanawilebas. kidev erTi upiratesoba r/g-Tan SedarebiT _ gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba da mogzaurobis moqniloba (mgzavri TviTon gansazRvravs marSruts, gaCerebebs da mgzavrobis xangrZlivobas). TandaTan avtotransporti mcire da saSualo manZilze gadaadgilebis ZiriTad saSualebad iqca da mniSvnelovnad Seaviwrova r/g transporti (aSS-sa da did britaneTSi avtomobilizaciis dawyebasa da keTilmowyobili gzebis mSeneblobasTan erTad r/g mgzavrTa raodenoba ganaxevrda).

TandaTan viTardeba saaviacio transporti, romelmac wamyvani adgili daikava turistebis Sor manZilze (500 km-ze meti) gadayvanaSi ianebis bolos aviamgzavrebis raodenobam 23mln-s gadaaWarba. II msoflio omis dros Sewyda saerTaSoriso turistuli kavSirebi, mniSvnelovnad dazianda turizmis materialur-teqnikuri baza. omis Semdeg ki dangreulis aRdgenasa da turistuli gacvlebis omamdeli donis miRwevas ara erTi weli dasWirda. 1950-ianebis Sua wlebSi _ reaqtiuli teqnikis epoqa (1956 _ I reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavi, tevadoba – kaci, siCqare _ 900km/sT; 1964-Si msoflio aviaparkis 3/4 reaqtiulZravianma lainerebma Seadgina).

cvlilebebma aviaciaSi turistuli bumi gamoiwvia. is mgzavrTa momsaxurebis lideri gaxda, II adgilze gadaanacvla r/g, daamuxruWa saavtomobilo transportis ganviTareba, didi zarali miayena mgzavrTa sazRvao gadayvanas ( ww zRviT mogzaur adamianTa raodenoba 21-dan 2%-mde Semcirda). aviatransportTan mkacr konkurenciaSi r/g upiratesoba SeinarCuna 1000 km-mde manZilze mgzavrTa gadayvanaSi. gamoTavisuflebuli samgzavro vagonebis uqmad mocdenis Tavidan asacileblad _ klientebis momsaxurebis axali formebi _ turistuli matarebeli (erTdroulad gadaadgilebis, ganTavsebis, kvebis, garTobis saSualeba). r/g-is analogiiT cvlilebebi sawylosno transportSic _ samdinaro da sazRvao kruizebi.

turistuli organizaciebi mgzavrobisas turistebis gadasayvanad transportis sxvadasxva saxeobebs iyeneben. mto-s monacemebiT, turistebis satransporto momsaxurebis struqturaSi ZiriTadia (gansakuTrebiT Sor manZilebze) sahaero transporti, romlis xvedriTi wili turistebis gadayvanaSi 53% Seadgens, -Semdeg pozicias avtotransporti ikavebs 40%-iT, - xolo sawylosno da sarkinigzo transportis wili 5 da 2%-ia Sesabamisad (2013).

saavtomobilo transporti (turistebis 40%) sayovelTaoa, radgan yvelgan gamoiyeneba (transferi, -saavtomobilo eqskursia, dasasveneblad wasvla). gansakuTrebiT popularulia ramdenime qalaqis RirsSesaniSnaobaTa mosanaxulebeli SemecnebiTi turebi. jgufur mogzaurobebSi gamoiyeneba avtobusi. upiratesobebi _ moqniloba, door-to-door momsaxureba (misiT iwyeba da mTavrdeba nebismieri mogzauroba), - nakleb damokidebulia amindze. kargia mokle da saSualo manZilebze. uaryofiTi mxareebi _ SedarebiT naklebi siswrafe, -mgzavrTa mcire raodenoba, parkingis problemebi, haeris mniSvnelovani dabinZureba.

avtomomsaxureba turizmSi 3 ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT xorcieldeba: avtobusebiT mogzaurobis organizeba; turistebis kerZo avtomobilebiT momsaxureba; avtomobilebis gaqiraveba. avtobusebi _ transferi, eqskursiebi, adgilobrivi gadayvanebi, -saavtobuso turebi. isini TiTqmis mTeli wlis manZilze xorcieldeba (sezonuroba naklebad exeba). Zalze mniSvnelovania turistuli avtobusebis usafrTxoeba da gamarTuloba. temperaturuli reJimi avtobusSi (22-24 gradusi), manZili savarZlebs Soris 80-85sm.

avtogaqiraveba _ msoflio mniSvnelobis firmebi: “Hertz”, “Avis”, “Budget”, “Enterprise”, “Alamo”, “National” _ TiToeulis Semosavali weliwadSi miliard dolars aRemateba. manqanis qiraobis pirobebi _ asaki (21-70w), - marTvis saerTaSoriso mowmoba. manqanas savse avziT atanen, magram Cabarebis drosac aseve savse unda iyos. manqanis qiraobamde kargia taqsis fasebisa da parkirebis pirobebis gageba _ SesaZloa, taqsiT gadaadgileba ufro moxerxebuli aRmoCndes. avtogadazidvebis garTianeba Euroline aerTianebs 33 kompanias da 250 marSruts emsaxureba evropaSi.

avtotransportis rekreaciuli saxeobebi _ karavani (misabmeli borblebze _ mxolod saZinebeli), kemping-kari (saZinebeli, samzareulo da santeqnikuri kvanZi) _ transporti da ganTavseba erTadaa. XXIs-is dasawyisSi msoflioSi avtomobilebis raodenoba 600mln aRemateboda, wliuri zrda ki _ 40mln. Jenevis konvencia 1973; haagis deklaracia 1989; Sengenis SeTanxmeba.

sarkinigzo transporti (2%) transportis wamyvani saxeoba iyo XIXs da XX saukunis dasawyisSi. upiratesobebi _ didi tevadoba, SesaZlebelia specerTeulis (saZinebeli vagoni, kinodarbazi, vagon-restorani, vagoni dasaTvalirebeli moedniT) Seqmna, -maRali siCqare, amindze ar aris damokidebuli, -ekologiurad avtotransportze ukeTesia. saukeTesoa mokle da saSualo manZilebze. uaryofiTi mxareebi _ rTulia gzis gayvana (qanebis moWra, gvirabebis gayvana, daxrilobis problemebi), - Zviria, sxvadasxva qveynebSi relsebs Soris gansxvavebuli manZili (normaluri anu dasavleT evropuli _ mm, saSualo _ mm, viwro _ mm). M

rkinigza aqtiurad monawileobda turizmis ganviTarebaSi. mcire manZilebsa da saeqskursio mgzavrobebSi misi konkurenti avtotransportia. dRes r/g mesveurebs didi Zalisxmeba sWirdebaT, rom turistuli nakadebi SeinarCunon. mgzavrTa gadayvanaSi matareblebi sareiso da Carteruli. matareblebi _ sagareubno, adgilobrivi (700 km-mde) da Soreuli (700 km-ze Sori). turistuli matareblebi RamiT moZraoben, dRisiT ki _ gaCerebuli arian (turistebs eqskursiebi aqvT).

matareblebis kategoria _ sagareubno, samgzavro, Cqa-rosnuli. vagonebis kategoria _ plackarti, dasajdomi, kupire-buli, saZinebeli, vagon-restorani, safosto. turebi _ trans-kanada (vankuveri _ monreali, 10-dRiani), trans-amerika (vaSingtoni _ los-anJelesi, - 12-dRiani), trans-atlantika (managua _ lima _ santiago).

damatebiTi momsaxureba (kveba, sasmeli, TeTreuli) fasiania. jorj pulmani ( ) _ I saZinebeli vagoni da vagon-restorani. I matareblis (1830) siCqare 20 km/sT, Tanamedrove Cqarosnuli matareblebisa (“sinkanseni”, “evrostari”) _ km/sT (SeuZliaT aviaciasTan konkurencia). mTian raionebSi _ specrkinigza, mag., “kukuSka”. Zalze popularuli iyo “aRmosavleTis eqspresi” (Orient Express): parizi_stamboli (1883), londoni_stamboli (1913). evrogvirabi did britaneTsa da safrangeTs Soris. (1994).

garkveul uxerxulobas qmnis relsebs Soris gansxvavebuli manZili: normaluri, dasavleTevropuli 1453 mm, saSualo siganis mm, viwro mm.

2004 wlis 11 marts madridSi rkinigzaze ganxorcielebulma teraqtma cxadyo, rom usafrTxoebis dacva saxmeleTo transportze ufro rTulia, vidre sahaeroze.

sahaero transporti (53%) upiratesobebi _ yvelaze swrafia, ar sWirdeba gzis gayvana, reliefi dabrkolebas ar warmoadgens, didi tevadoba, gadaadgilebis siSore, yvelgan midis. uaryofiTi mxareebi _ sWirdeba didi teritoria, bevri da didi terminali, dacilebulia moTxovnilebis centridan, kontrolis rTuli procedurebi, siZvire, -garemos xmauriT dabinZureba, amindsa da Tanamedrove geofizikur procesebze damokidebuleba.

msoflioSi 1300-ze meti aviakompania funqcionirebs, romelTac yovelwliurad saSualod 1,5 mlrd adamiani gadahyavT. aerogadazidvebs aTasze meti aeroporti emsaxureba. gadazidvebis raodenobiT udidesi aviakompaniebia: “Delta Airlines”, “Pan American”, “United” (aSS), “Air France” (safrangeTi), “Lufthansa” (germania), “British Airways” (didi britaneTi), “Аэрофлот” (ruseTi). qarTuli aviakompania “airzena” daarsda 1993 w., 2004-dan – “saqarTvelos aviaxazebi” (“Georgian Airways”). saerTaSoriso saaviacio organizaciebi: ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) _ samoqalaqo aviaciis saerTaSoriso organizacia. 183 wevri-qveyana. mWidrod TanamSromlobs sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan: World Meteorological Organization, International Union of Electrical Communications, World Post Union, World Health Organization, International Sea Organization.

IATA (International Association of Air Transportation) _ saaviacio transportis saerTaSoriso organizacia. Seiqmna msoflio aviakompaniebis koordinirebis mizniT, rac mimarTulia msoflios yvela regionSi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisa da saaviacio gadazidvebis efeqturobis asamaRleblad. daarsda 1919 da gardaiqmna warmoadgens im saaviacio kompaniebis profesionalur asociacias, romlebic saerTaSoriso reisebs uzrunvelyofen. ZiriTadi funqcia _ saerTaSoriso komerciuli kavSirebis mowesrigeba, yvela wevrisaTvis saerTo wesebisa da procedurebis SemuSaveba, saerTaSoriso marSrutebze mgzavrTa gadayvanaze SeTanxmebuli tarifebis dadgena.

sazRvao transportis mniSvnelovani konkurentia: vidre gemi atlantikaze erT wriul mogzaurobas moaswrebs, TviTmfrinavi mas 20-jer gadaifrens.

saaviacio transporti _ ganrigiT da Carteruli frenebi. Carteri niSnavs TviTmfrinavis arendas. aseTi aviareisebis dros damkveTi aviakompaniasTan aTanxmebs marSruts, -dgindeba mxareebis valdebulebebi, reisis Rirebuleba, - SeTanxmebis saerTaSoriso wesebisadmi Sesabamisoba. Semdeg ideba specialuri Carteruli xelSekruleba, - romelSic aRiniSneba: TviTmfrinavis saxeoba; gasayidi adgilebis raodenoba; TviTmfrinavis arendis (qiraobis) Rirebuleba; marSruti afrenisa da dafrenis aeroportebis miTiTebiT; xelSekrulebis moqmedebis vada (sezoni, weli da sxv.); aviareisebis Sesrulebis regularuloba; aviareisis anulirebis SesaZlebloba, ukiduresi vadebi da Sesabamisi sanqciebi.

Carteruli reisebis Tavisebureba _ erTi sruli frena turistebis gareSe tardeba. sezonze realuria 20 Cayvanis organizeba (yovel kvira freniT). Carteris iniciatori xSirad ramdenime turoperatori gamodis, romlebic erTmaneTSi winaswar aTanxmeben frenebis organizebis pirobebs. aviakompaniis mkacri piroba turoperatorisadmi _ Carteruli ciklis I da bolo gafrenebis Rirebulebis winaswar gadaxda.

bileTis Rirebulebidan gamomdinare _ gansxvavebuli momsaxureba. adgilebi _ I klasi (F), biznes-klasi (C), ekonom-klasi (Y). klasebs Soris sxvaoba ZiriTadad savarZlis komfortulobiT, kvebis xarisxiTa da ufasod gadatanili tvirTis sididiT ganisazRvreba. kvebis reJimi damokidebulia frenis xangrZlivobaze: 2-2,5 sT frenisas _ civi sakvebi, 2,5-6sT _ cxeli kveba, 6sT-ze xangrZlivi _ 2-jer cxeli kveba, xolo 12sT-ze xangrZlivi _ 2-jer cxeli kveba da civi sakvebi an steiki.

Sveulmfrenebi manevrirebadia, magram mcire tevadoba aqvs, xmauriani da Zviria. Crdilo amerikis garda farTod ar gamoiyeneba. aeroports sWirdeba minimum 3 aTasi metri sigrZis asafreni bilikebi, tropikul da zRvis donidan maRal adgilebSi _ meti sigrZea saWiro. aeroportisTvis Sesabamisi meteopirobebi, is advilad misadgomi unda iyos. turistebis saerTaSoriso gadayvanebs saerTaSoriso aeroportebi emsaxurebian. did qalaqebs ramdenime aeroporti emsaxureba, mag., londons _ Heathrow, - Gatvick, Luton, Stansted, London City Airport, parizs _ Orly, - Charles de Gaulle, Le Bourget, niu-iorks _ JFK, La Guardia, - Newark, vaSingtons _ Washington National, Washington Dalles, - tokios _ Narita, Haneda, Cikagos _ O’Hara, Midway, moskovs _ Домодедово, Внуково, Шереметьево-1, Шереметьево-2.

Zalze mniSvnelovania usafrTxoebis sakiTxebi wlis 11 seqtembris teraqti (aSS) ww vulkanebis amofrqvevebi islandiaSi _ problema aTobiT milioni mgzavrisTvis da miliardis zarali _ aviakompaniebisaTvis. msoflios udidesi saerTaSoriso aeroportebis nusxaSi wamyvani ganviTarebuli qveynebis gverdiT bolo wlebSi gamoCndnen aziuri aeroportebi (CineTi, tailandi, indonezia).

msoflio aeroportebis mowinave oceulSi (2014) 11 maRalganviTarebul (aSS _ 6, TiTo _ didi britaneTi, iaponia, safrangeTi, germania da niderlandi) da 9 _ ganviTarebad qveynebSia (CineTi _ 4, TiTo _ gas, indonezia, TurqeTi, singapuri da malaizia).

msoflios udidesi samgzavro aeroportebi, 2014 ## aeroporti mdebareoba mgzavrTa saerTo raodenoba cvlileba 2014/2013 1. Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport atlanta, jorjia, aSS _ 2. Beijing Capital International Airport beijingi, CineTi 3. London Heathrow Airport londoni, didi britaneTi 4. Tokyo International Airport Haneda ota, tokio, iaponia 5. Los Angeles International Airport los anjelesi, kalifornia, aSS +1 6. Dubai International Airport dubai, gaerTianebuli arabuli saamiroebi 7. O'Hare International Airport Cikago, ilinoisi, aSS -2 8. Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport ruasi-en-frans, il-de-fransi, safrangeTi 9. Dallas Fort Worth International Airport dalasi-fort uorti, texasi, aSS 10. Hong Kong International Airport hong kongi, CineTi

msoflios udidesi samgzavro aeroportebi, 2014 ## aeroporti mdebareoba mgzavrTa saerTo raodenoba cvlileba 2014/2013 11. Frankfurt Airport mainis frankfurti, germania +1 12. Soekarno-Hatta International indonezia -2 13. Ataturk International Airport stamboli, TurqeTi +5 14. Amsterdam Schiphol Airport haarlemermeeri, Crdilo holandia, niderlandi _ 15. Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport guanjou, CineTi 16. Singapore Changi Airport Cangi, aRmosavleT raioni, singapuri -3 17. John F. Kennedy International Airport qvinsi, niuYiorki, aSS +2 18. Denver International Airport denveri, kolorado, aSS 19. Shanghai Pudong International Airport Sanxai, CineTi 20. Kuala Lumpur International Airport malaizia

Hartsfield Airport

Beijing Capital International Airport

London Heathrow Airport

Tokyo International Airport Haneda

Los Angeles International Airport

Dubai International Airport

O’Hara International Airport

Charles de Gaulle Airport

Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

Hong Kong International Airport

Suvarnabhumi Airport, Thailand

sawylosno transporti (5%) aqtiurad gamoiyeneba samdinaro da sazRvao kruizebis Casatareblad. upiratesobebi _ komfortis maRali done, erTdrouli datvirTvis maRali maCvenebeli, turizmis sxvadasxva saxeobebisa da miznebis ganxorcielebis saSualeba, - srulfasovani dasveneba, sicocxlis uzrunvelyofis sruli kompleqsi. uaryofiTi mxareebi _ gadaadgilebis dabali siCqare, - maRali tarifebi, naklebi mobiluroba, -meteopirobebze damokidebuleba, rig SemTxvevebSi – “zRvis daavadeba”.

uaxlesi da udidesi gemebi: “Oasis of the Seas” _ mflobeli “Royal Caribbean International”, daregistrirebulia bahamebze, tevadoba _ daaxloebiT 6 aTasi mgzavri; “Freedom of the Seas” _ mflobeli “Royal Caribbean International”, daregistrirebulia bahamebze, tevadoba _ 3,6 aTasi, ekipaJi _ 1,3 aTasi; “Queen Victoria” _ daregistrirebulia did britaneTSi, tevadoba _ 2 aTasi mgzavri. saerTaSoriso organizacia “Cruise Line International Association” (CLIA) aerTianebs 33 turistul firmasa da 20 aTasze met turagents. exmareba specialistebis momzadebaSi, sazogadoebasTan kavSirebSi da reklamaSi. yidis kruizebis 95%.

Oasis of the seas

Freedom of the Seas

“Queen Victoria”

bolo xanebSi farTod gavrcelda kombinirebuli aviasazRvao kruizebi. xangrZlivobiT ZiriTadad erTkvirianebia (40%). kruizebis saxeobebi: evropuli sistema (60%-mde) _ sazRvao mogzauroba sxvadasxva portebSi SesvliT da saeqskursio programiT; amerikuli sistema _ mgzavrebs marSrutze gaCerebebze aZleven dasvenebisa da garujvis saSualebas. bolo xanebis moda _ “marSrutebi arsaiT” _ erT/ordRiani mgzavroba portebSi Seusvlelad.

flotis teqnikuri aRWurvilobisa da komfortis, bortze servisis donis, tarifebis sididis da rigi sxva maCveneblebis mixedviT sakruizo kompaniebi 4 ZiriTad kategoriad iyofa: standartuli (Cveulebriv 3*-iT aRniSnaven) _ Dolphin Cruise Line; I klasis (4*) _ Costa Cruises, Norvegian Cruise Line; prestiJuli (5*) _ Holland America Line, Celebrity Cruises; super-luqsi (6*) _ Seaborn.

udidesi sakruizo operatorebia amerikuli Carnival Cruise Line Corporation (CCL), Royal Caribbean, aseve britanuli P&O Cruises Division. gemebze fasi damokidebulia: gemis komfortulobaze, - kaiutis kategoriaze. sazRvao kruizebi dasvenebis yvelaze komfortuli, amitom erT-erTi yvelaze Zviri saxeobaa.

ZiriTadi sakruizo regionebi: karibis zRva _ zamTris Tveebi (kargi hava, lamazi kunZulebi, sanapiroebze eqskursiebis farTo arCevani); xmelTaSua zRva _ maisidan oqtombris CaTvliT; evropisa da skandinaviis irgvliv _ maisis Sua ricvebidan agvistos bolomde. antarqtidisaken _ portebidan: uSuaia (argentina), punta-arenas (Cile), stenli (folklendis k-bi). samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis qveynebi cdiloben, IV regionad iqcnen. mag., singapurs surs, regionSi “II maiami” gaxdes.

samdinaro kruizebi samdinaro kruizebi, sazRvaosgan gansxvavebiT, amindze naklebadaa damokidebuli, ufro informaciulia (Cans sanapiro), aris mwvane gaCerebebis SesaniSnavi saSualeba. evropis sakmaod xSiri mdinareTa qseli (sena, elba, -dunai, raini da sxv.), romlebic erTmaneTTan arxebis qseliTaa dakavSirebuli (zrdis samdinaro kruizebis ganviTarebis saSualebas). samdinaro kruizebiT evropaSi pirvelobs germania, Semdeg modian didi britaneTi, niderlandi, Sveicaria, avstria. yvelaze popularuli mdinareebia raini da dunai, kruizi ki – dunaize 7 qveynis monaxulebiT. III adgils ikaveben ruseTis mdinareebi volga da doni, maTi Senakadebi, -tbebi da arxebi.

moskovi _ xuTi zRvis (baltiis, TeTri, Savi, azovisa da kaspiis) porti. arxebi: moskovis, volga-baltiis, volga-donis

moskovs gasasvleli aqvs: TeTri zRvisken: moskovis arxiT, ribinskis wyalsacaviT, TeTri da onegis tbebiT, TeTri zRva-baltiis zRvis arxiT; baltiis zRvisken: moskovis arxiT, ribinskis wyalsacaviT, TeTri da onegis tbebiT, md. cimbiriT, ladogis tbiTa da md. neviT; azovis zRvisken: mdinareebis okis, volgis, volga-donis arxisa da md. donis gavliT; Savi zRvisken: azovis zRvidan qerCis srutiT da kaspiis zRvisken: mdinareebis okasa da volgiT. turistebis satransporto momsaxureba

kruizebi nilosze, amazonze, wm.lavrentize, ianZze. dasavleTSi yvelaze popularulia xanmokle (5 dRemde) kruizebi. samdinaro kruizebi yvelaze didi warmatebiT sargebloben saSualo asakisa da asakovan adamianebs Soris (mudam Cans miwa da arc zRvis daavadeba awuxebT). samdinaro sakruizo gemebis umetesoba mcire tevadobisaa _ erT an or gembaniani (viwro arxebsa da xidebis qveS moZraoba uwevT). gemebze didi restornebis gakeTebis saWiroeba _ turistebis kveba erTdroulad, cvlebis gareSe rom moxerxdes (I cvla droSia SezRuduli, II cvlas ki _ didxans lodini uwevs).

sakmaod Zviria, magram moTxovnileba mainc izrdeba da TandaTan elitarulidan masobrivi xdeba. kruizebis ZiriTadi klientebi arian amerikelebi, -frangebi, germanelebi, Sveicarielebi, - holandielebi. samdinaro kruizebi gansxvavdeba: sigrZiT, marSrutis xangrZlivobiT, TematikiT. Cveulebriv, kruizebi 7-dan 15 dRemdea. TematikiT _ SemecnebiTi, sportuli, gastronomiuli (m.S. meRvineobis adgilebSi). gemze turistebs emsaxurebian: gemis ekipaJi, gemis restornis muSakebi da sakruizo turistuli brigada (maT droebiT qiraoben).

saborne mimosvla Zalze aqtualuri iyo la-manSis gvirabis gaxsnamde (1994). misi mniSvneloba SenarCunebulia baltiisa da CrdiloeTis zRvebSi.

strategiuli arxebisa da sruteebis udidesi mniSvneloba sawylosno transportisaTvis. suecis arxi ( ) _ gza xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebidan indoeTamde 6 aTasi km-iT Semcirda. panamis arxi (1914) _ liverpulidan sam-franciskomde manZili 8 aTasi km-iT Semoklda. simZlavres rabebi* zRudaven, romelTa meSveobiT gemebi iweva zeda (gatunis tbamde) da qveda (okeanemde) mimarTulebiT. * rabebi _ wyliT Sevsebuli kamerebis seria, romlebic uzrunvelyofen gemebis moZraobas sxvadasxva donis sarkis zedapiris mqone wylis obieqtebSi.

panamis arxi

suecis arxi

msoflio udidesi portebis aTeulSi (2012) mxolod erTia maRalganviTarebuli qveynis warmomadgeneli _ roterdami (me-6 adgili), danarCeni _ ganviTarebadi qveynebidanaa, m.S. 7 _ CeniTidan.

msoflios udidesi portebi, 2012
# porti qveyana milioni tona 1. Shanghai CineTi 744 2. Singapore singapuri 537.6 3. Tianjin 476 4. Guangzhou 460 5. Ningbo 453 6. Rotterdam niderlandi 441.5 7. Suzhou 428 8. Qingdao 400 9. Dalian 303 10. Busan samxreT korea 298

sasaaTo sartylebi: grinviCis observatoria (1675); sasaaTo sartylebi I-ad aSS-Si 1883w, ssrk-Si _ 1919-dan. msoflioSi erTi da igive dRea, rodesac grinviCis meredianze SuadRea. TariRTa cvlis saerTaSoriso xazi a.g.1800, mis dasavleTiT (aziaSi) kalendari yovelTvis erTi dRiT winaa, vidre aRmosavleTiT (amerikaSi). a.g.1800-is aRmosavleT mimarTulebiT gadakveTisas _ 2-jer erTi da igive dRe (mag., samSabaTi _ samSabaTi), dasavleTisaken ki _ xdeba erTi dRis gamotoveba (mag., samSabaTi _ xuTSabaTi).

Time Zones of the World

gmadlobT yuradRebisTvis!

msoflios udidesi portebi, 2010 # porti qveyana ganzomileba 2010 (aTasi tona) 2008 (aTasi tona) 1. Shanghai CineTi MT 534371 508000 2. Singapore singapuri FT 501566 515415 3, Rotterdam niderlandi 429926 421136 4. Guangzhou 425600 347000 5. Ningbo 408180 361850 6. Tianjin 400000 365163 7. Qingdao 350120 278271 8. Qinhuangdao 276815 252000 9. Hong Kong 267815 259402 10. Busan samxreT korea RT 262963 241683 MT – Metric Tons; HT – Harbor Tons; FT – Freight Tons; RT – Revenue Tons.

msoflios udidesi portebi, 2010 # .porti qveyana ganzomileba 2010 (aTasi tona) 2008 (aTasi tona) 11. South Louisiana aSS MT 214337 203157 12. Houston 206055 192473 13. Shenzhen CineTi 204860 187045 14. Dalian 200000 246000 15. Port Hedland avstralia 198997 159391 16. Nagoya iaponia FT 185703 218130 17. Antwerp belgia 157807 189390 18. Klang malaizia 168588 152348 19. Dampier 165025 140823 20. Chiba 155256 165143 MT – Metric Tons; HT – Harbor Tons; FT – Freight Tons; RT – Revenue Tons.

turistebis satransporto momsaxureba

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