1. Conceptual Model Design Informing the user what to do Lecture 10a Gabriel Spitz 1

2. Interface elements Interface aspects Application ComponentInfo SpaceControl Function/Scope  Available functions  Missing & superfluous functions  CompletenessTBD Framework  Organizing principle (Posture)  Segmentation into components  Segmentation into info spaces  Grouping of items  Proximity  Sequencing items TBD Activity flow/Behavior  Navigation schema  Task sequence  Error recovery  Action reversal  System state info  Action constraints (error avoidance)  Guidance  Spatial workflow  Modes/temporal workflow  Closure  Feedback  Defaults  Shortcuts Representation  Metaphors / expressions  Idioms  Strategy (e.g.)  Form  Wizard  Message content (error, warning, information)  Maintaining context  Choice of control  Labels/terminology  Icon content  Object manipulation method  Affordance Presentation  Color Pallet  Typography  Preferences  Layout  Alignment  Repetition  Contrast  Color  Font style  Graphical clarity (of icons)  Resolution (details)  Manipulation dynamics Interface Design Space Gabriel Spitz

3. Exercise Describe the route you take to get from home to UMB Where is the description coming from Gabriel Spitz 3

4. Helping the User Figure It Out Our action is driven by what we see and how close is what we see to what we expect/know What we see is the Conceptual Model of the interface What we expect is our Mental Model of the interface We as UI designers are responsible for selecting and implementing the conceptual model of our design Gabriel Spitz

5. Mental Model Is what we expect a product to look like and behave It is based on our actual experience with and knowledge about similar items or parts of an item This knowledge is rarely complete or accurate. If we do not have any experience with a similar product, we will have to spend more time learning Gabriel Spitz 5

6. Conceptual Model VS. Mental Model Conceptual model is a mental representation of how an artifact works & how the interface controls affect it. It is the way the user will understand the interface Mental model is the idea a user has about an interface – Mental representation The closer a conceptual model is to the mental model the easier it is for a user to figure out how to operate a system MeMe Mental Model of a Bicycle Conceptual Model of a Design

7. A. Cooper ’ s Conceptual Models Gabriel Spitz Manifest Model = Conceptual Model or Framework

8. Why do we care about mental model? Everything in usability is about the match between mental model and the conceptual model The greater the match Easier to learn Gabriel Spitz 8

9. Mismatch Between Models Mismatch between the users’ expectation – their mental model; and the conceptual model used by the UI designer will lead to: Error Poor performance Frustration Gabriel Spitz 9

10. A Conceptual Model Is the way the system will appear to users and therefore the way the user will understand it It is the overall “ big idea ” of the UI For example this interface is like a desktop, a wending machine, an ATM machine It is also the context within which UI elements – actions & components – are anticipated and interpreted Gabriel Spitz

11. Conceptual Models Examples

12. Two Panel Concept Two panels side by side. One shows the set of items user can select from, the other shows the content of the selected item This is a learned interaction, but very common and quick to learn

13. Tabular Concept

14. List Concept

15. Content Group

16. Form Concept

17. Creating a Conceptual Model  Conceptual models are created by our choices for the interface  Interaction styles – The Activity /Method we use for the interaction  The Interface metaphor – The object we interact with Keep in mind that the interface has to communicate how it should be used Help information can aid, but should not be necessary Gabriel Spitz

18. Interaction Styles  Interaction styles refers to the way we interacts with an application. These include:  Instructing  Conversing  Manipulation  Browsing & Navigating  Metaphor or the objects used in the the interaction such as  Blank sheet of paper  Spreadsheet  Canvas Gabriel Spitz

19. Instructing (activity) Instructing refers to telling the system to perform specific tasks such as Print, save, delete, etc. Used by many applications It includes keyboard commands, function keys, menu items, etc. Main benefit is that it supports quick and efficient interaction Good for repetitive actions performed on multiple objects Gabriel Spitz

20. Instructional Style Interaction Gabriel Spitz Command Line Interface Graphical User Interface

21. Conversation (activity) The underlying model is a conversation – question and answer Examples include: Help Facilities - Computer answer/User asks Search Engines - Computer answer/User asks Interactive Voice Recognition (Siri) User asks/Computer answer The benefit - it allows users to interact with the system in a way that is familiar Makes them feel comfortable, at ease and less scared The drawback is that misunderstandings can arise when the system does not know how to parse what the user says Gabriel Spitz

22. Conversational Style Interaction Gabriel Spitz

23. Direct Manipulating (activity) Involves dragging, selecting, opening, closing and zooming actions on virtual objects Exploit’s users’ knowledge of how they move and manipulate objects in the physical world what you see is what you get (WYSIWYG) the direct manipulation approach (DM) Shneiderman (1983) coined the term Direct manipulation Gabriel Spitz

24. Core Principles of DM Continuous representation of objects and actions of interest Physical actions and button pressing instead of issuing commands with complex syntax Rapid reversible actions with immediate feedback on object of interest Gabriel Spitz

25. Benefits of DM Interfaces Easy to learn basic functionality – we have a good Mental Model Users can work rapidly to carry out a wide range of tasks Easy to remember how to carry out tasks over time Easy to detect errors Gabriel Spitz

26. Disadvantages of DM  Some people take the metaphor of direct manipulation too literally  Not all tasks can be described by objects and not all actions can be done directly  Some tasks are better achieved through delegating e.g. spell checking  Can waste extensive screen space  Moving a mouse around the screen can be slower than pressing function keys to do same actions Gabriel Spitz

27. Direct Manipulation Interface Gabriel Spitz

28. Exploring and Browsing The way people browse information with existing media (e.g. newspapers, magazines, libraries, pamphlets) Information is structured to allow flexibility in the way a user is able to search for information e.g. multimedia, web Gabriel Spitz

29. Object Based Conceptual Models Usually based on an analogy with something in the physical world Examples Gabriel Spitz

30. Selecting a Conceptual Model Direct manipulation - Spatial types of tasks, e.g. designing, drawing, flying, driving, sizing windows Issuing instructions - Repetitive tasks, e.g. spell-checking, file management Conversation - children, computer- phobic, disabled users and specialized applications (e.g. phone services) Hybrid conceptual models are often employed, where different ways of carrying out the same actions is supported at the interface - but can take longer to learn Gabriel Spitz