1. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Alan Brinkley, AMERICAN HISTORY 12/e Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City

2. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc America in 1900 Population Growth, 1860-1900 Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urbanization of America The Urbanization of America –The Lure of the City  Jobs + Railroads = Rapid Urban Growth

3. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Immigration’s Contribution to Population Growth 1860-1920 Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urbanization of America The Urbanization of America –Migrations  Geographic Mobility

4. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urbanization of America The Urbanization of America –Migrations  Geographic Mobility: Americans left rural life –Some went West and some to industrial cities  African-American Communities –Most became lowly wage laborers—not factory workers  But most urban growth came from Immigration, –Most from southern and eastern Europe: 10 million between 1860 and 1890 –These people were poor, stayed in cities for unskilled jobs

5. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Total Immigration, 1860-1900Sources of Immigration From Europe, 1860-1900 Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urbanization of America The Urbanization of America –The Ethnic City  The Diverse American City

6. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Ethnic and Class Segregation in Milwaukee, 1850-1890. Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urbanization of America The Urbanization of America –The Ethnic City  The Diverse American City –Most people in cities were Born outside of U.S.!!!  Benefits of Ethnic Communities: a touch Communities: a touch of home

7. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Scenes from a New York City “ghetto” fish market (Library of Congress) Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urbanization of America The Urbanization of America –Assimilation  Americanization

8. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urbanization of America The Urbanization of America –Assimilation  Americanization –Young, newly urban, 2 nd generation desire to become American  Changing Gender Roles: –Women were almost instantly more liberated  Jobs, Public Education, & Consumerism –These elements of society forced English on immigrants

9. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urbanization of America The Urbanization of America –Exclusion  Nativism “Immigration Under Attack,” 1903 (New York Public Library. Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations)

10. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urbanization of America The Urbanization of America –Exclusion  Nativism  Immigration Restriction League Restriction League Immigrants arriving at Ellis Island (Library of Congress)

11. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urbanization of America The Urbanization of America –Exclusion  Nativism: Always an American Strain  Immigration Restriction League –Some groups formed to exclude  Advantages of Cheap Labor –But mostly people applauded booming economy and this new source of cheap labor

12. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urban Landscape The Urban Landscape –The Creation of Public Space  Frederick Law Olmstead and Calvert Vaux The Mall in Central Park, 1902 (Library of Congress)

13. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urban Landscape The Urban Landscape –The Creation of Public Space  Frederick Law Olmstead and Calvert Vaux  “City Beautiful Movement”

14. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urban Landscape The Urban Landscape –The Creation of Public Space  Frederick Law Olmstead and Calvert Vaux  “City Beautiful Movement”  Idea of the safety valve  Libraries, Museums and  Concert Halls –(provided by the rich)  Order imposed on chaos Frog Pond at Boston Common, 1899 (Library of Congress)

15. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Streetcar Suburbs in Nineteenth Century New Orleans Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urban Landscape The Urban Landscape –Housing the Well-to-Do  Growth of Suburbs  Much like today, the wealthy move away from the dis order of inner city change.

16. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Attic tenement house (Library of Congress) Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urban Landscape The Urban Landscape –Housing Workers and the Poor  Tenements

17. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urban Landscape The Urban Landscape –Housing Workers and the Poor  Tenements  Crowded, un- healthy conditions  Jacob Riis Attic tenement house (Library of Congress)

18. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urban Landscape The Urban Landscape –Urban Transportation  Transportation Problems

19. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urban Landscape The Urban Landscape –Urban Transportation  Transportation Problems –Narrow streets –Increased traffic –The El –Cable Cars –Subway  Mass Transit Elevated Railway in Chicago (Library of Congress)

20. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urban Landscape The Urban Landscape –The “Skyscraper”  Steel-Girder Construction –Better steel, elevators  Building up instead of out Empire Building in New York (Library of Congress)

21. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Strains of Urban Life Strains of Urban Life –Fire  Development of Professional Fire Departments  Crowded urban conditions + lots of wood construction = fire!  Boston, Chicago, San Francisco, and Baltimore had “great fires.”

22. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Strains of Urban Life Strains of Urban Life –Environmental Degradation  Inadequate Sanitation  Bad or inadequate sewer systems  Disease spread rapidly in slums, tenements

23. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Strains of Urban Life Strains of Urban Life –Environmental Degradation  Inadequate Sanitation  Air Pollution

24. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Strains of Urban Life Strains of Urban Life –Environmental Degradation  Inadequate Sanitation  Air Pollution  Public Health Service

25. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Strains of Urban Life Strains of Urban Life –Urban Poverty  Only limited relief and only for “deserving” poor  Salvation Army est. 1879 = more religious revivalism than charity  Middle class grew alarmed over impoverished children, orphans

26. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Strains of Urban Life Strains of Urban Life –Crime and Violence  High Crime Rates with crowding and poverty  Professional police forces were developed  These forces were often corrupt (jobs filled through patronage rather than professionalism)  Nervous suburbanites developed national guards, armories (fear of the urban, immigrant hordes)

27. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Strains of Urban Life Strains of Urban Life –The Machine and the Boss  Boss Rule = immigrant votes in exchange for help upon arrival (jobs, advice, housing, etc.)

28. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Strains of Urban Life Strains of Urban Life –The Machine and the Boss  Boss Rule  Graft and Corruption

29. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Strains of Urban Life Strains of Urban Life –The Machine and the Boss  Boss Rule  Graft and Corruption  Reasons for Boss Rule –Politcal

30. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Rise of Mass Consumption The Rise of Mass Consumption  Middle-Class Culture

31. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Rise of Mass Consumption The Rise of Mass Consumption –Patterns of Income and Consumption  Rising Income

32. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Rise of Mass Consumption The Rise of Mass Consumption –Patterns of Income and Consumption  Rising Income  New Merchandising Techniques

33. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc The Rise of Mass Consumption The Rise of Mass Consumption –Chain Stores and Mail-Order Houses  Chain Stores Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City

34. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Rise of Mass Consumption The Rise of Mass Consumption –Chain Stores and Mail-Order Houses  Chain Stores  Social Consequences of Mail-Order Catalogs

35. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Rise of Mass Consumption The Rise of Mass Consumption –Department Stores  Impact of the Department Store

36. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Rise of Mass Consumption The Rise of Mass Consumption –Women as Consumers  National Consumers League

37. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Leisure in the Consumer Society Leisure in the Consumer Society –Redefining Leisure  New Conceptions of Leisure Amusement Park in Ohio (Library of Congress)

38. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Leisure in the Consumer Society Leisure in the Consumer Society –Redefining Leisure  New Conceptions of Leisure  Simon Patten

39. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Leisure in the Consumer Society Leisure in the Consumer Society –Redefining Leisure  New Conceptions of Leisure  Simon Patten  Public Leisure

40. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Leisure in the Consumer Society Leisure in the Consumer Society –Spectator Sports  Major League Baseball Forbes Field, Pittsburgh, PA (Library of Congress)

41. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Leisure in the Consumer Society Leisure in the Consumer Society –Spectator Sports  Major League Baseball  Growth of College Football Football Player (Royalty-Free / CORBIS)

42. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Leisure in the Consumer Society Leisure in the Consumer Society –Spectator Sports  Major League Baseball  Growth of College Football College Football  Gambling and Sports and Sports Woman with a Royal Flush (Royalty-Free / CORBIS)

43. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Leisure in the Consumer Society Leisure in the Consumer Society –Music and Theater  Ethnic Theater Hammerstein Theater (Library of Congress)

44. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Leisure in the Consumer Society Leisure in the Consumer Society –Music and Theater  Ethnic Theater  Vaudeville

45. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Leisure in the Consumer Society Leisure in the Consumer Society –The Movies  Birth of a Nation Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City

46. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Leisure in the Consumer Society Leisure in the Consumer Society –Working-Class Leisure  Importance of the Saloon Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City

47. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Leisure in the Consumer Society Leisure in the Consumer Society –The Fourth of July  Importance of the Fourth of July Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Fourth of July Salute, 1893 (Library of Congress)

48. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Leisure in the Consumer Society Leisure in the Consumer Society –Private Pursuits  Dime Novels Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City

49. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Leisure in the Consumer Society Leisure in the Consumer Society –Private Pursuits  Dime Novels  Music in the Home Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City

50. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Leisure in the Consumer Society Leisure in the Consumer Society –Mass Communications  Emergence of Newspaper Chains Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City

51. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc High Culture in the Age of the City High Culture in the Age of the City –The Literature of Urban America  Social Realism Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Brooklyn Bridge (Licensed for Use)

52. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc High Culture in the Age of the City High Culture in the Age of the City –The Literature of Urban America  Social Realism  Henry Adams Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City

53. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc High Culture in the Age of the City High Culture in the Age of the City –Art in the Age of the City  Ashcan School Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City

54. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc High Culture in the Age of the City High Culture in the Age of the City –Art in the Age of the City  Ashcan School  Birth of Modernism Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City

55. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc High Culture in the Age of the City High Culture in the Age of the City –The Impact of Darwinism  “Natural Selection” Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Charles Darwin (Library of Congress)

56. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc High Culture in the Age of the City High Culture in the Age of the City –The Impact of Darwinism  “Natural Selection”  “Pragmatism” Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City

57. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc High Culture in the Age of the City High Culture in the Age of the City –The Impact of Darwinism  “Natural Selection”  “Pragmatism”  Growth of Anthropology Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City

58. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc High Culture in the Age of the City High Culture in the Age of the City –Toward Universal Schooling  Spread of Public Education Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City University of Minnesota, ca. 1900 (Library of Congress)

59. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc High Culture in the Age of the City High Culture in the Age of the City –Toward Universal Schooling  Spread of Public Education  “Land-Grant” Institutions Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City

60. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc High Culture in the Age of the City High Culture in the Age of the City –Education for Women  Women’s Colleges Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City “Our failures marry.” Administrator at Bryn Mawr

61. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc America in the World: America in the World: Global Migrations Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City

62. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Coney Island, NY (Library of Congress) Patterns of Popular Culture: Patterns of Popular Culture: Coney Island Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City